Principles of Musharakah and Mudarabah

Principles of Musharakah and MudarabahMusharakah and Mudarabah written in the books of Muslim fiqh generally means contracts which argon form for starting a joint venture in which all partners figure in the clientele from starting till end when assets are liqui catchd. The books of Islamic fiqh were written in an environment when there were only small trades and no large scale taskes took place. The principles of Musharakah and Mudarabah croupe be applied to small as well as large scale commercial enterprises. The basic principles of Musharakah and Mudarabah are as followsMusharakah and Mudarabah finance is non interest basedFinancier /investor essential package loss to the extent of their enthronementProfit is distributed according to the agree ratio with their vernacular consent, but the sleeping partner gear submit more than the ratio of his investmentLoss suffered by partner is simply according to the proportion of his investmentFor financing a project, the tradi tional regularity of Musharakah and Mudarabah can be easily applied. If a Financier wants to pay the social unit project, he can use Mudarabah financing and if some parties want to finance the project jointly, they can adopt Musharakah financing.It is very easy to evaluate the large(p) if the Musharakah or Mudarabah have been effected since inception of the project. In baptismal font of Musharakah if some(prenominal) partner wants to withdraw from the business, the other partners can purchase his bundle at an agreed ratio. The partner can thus either fully birth the business on his own or can sell the share of the partner who withdrew his capital to other person who can substitute the withdrawing financierSecuritization of MusharakahMusharakah financing can be securitised easily, in case of big projects a huge core group is ask which a few people cant afford. Every person investing is given a Musharakah certificate which represents the add of specie he has invested in b usiness. After the start of the business and acquire non liquid assets, the certificates can be hardened as negotiable instruments which can be sold in the secondary markets. However, if all the assets of Musharakah are in liquid form, buying and exchange of these certificates is non allowed because as all the assets are in liquid form and exchange of such(prenominal) assets means exchanging m iy for money, and for exchanging money for money both must be equal. Access from every side is Riba, which is prohibited in IslamIn case if the money invested is invested in non-liquid assets as land, machinery etcetera the Musharakah certificate pass on represent the portion of possession in those Assets. In this of assets being in non-liquid form, it will be allowed by the shariah to sell certificates in the secondary market on either price agreed upon by the parties with their mutual consentIn case the assets in the business are a mixture of liquid and non-liquid assets more or less of the schools of thoughts including shafii have allowed trading only if the size of non-liquid assets in the whole business is more than 50%. However, if the Hanafi view is adopted, transaction if valid even if the non-liquid assets are less than 50% but the bill must be greater than liquid assets and non-liquid assets must not be negligibleFinancing of a individual transactionThe principles of Musharakah and Mudarabah can be easily use for financing a single transaction. It can be applied for fulling solar day to day needs of small traders as well as for import and merchandise transactions. An importer can approach financier for financing him for importing goods for a single transaction. Banks can also finance for importing goods. If the letter of credit has no restrictions, Mudarabah can be followed and if the letter of credit has restrictions, Musharakah suits for such case. After selling the imported goods, the sales proceed can be shared by the financier and the imported on an agreed ratioWhen finance is required for working capital of a already streak business, the principles of Musharakah can be applies in the following waysBefore investing in the running business the capital of the business can be evaluated by the mutual consent. As according to Imam Malik, non-liquid assets can also form a part of capital so, this view can be applied here. The harbor of the already running business will be the share of one partner and the amount of investment by the financier will be his share. The boodle given to the financier is agreed upon by both the parties which should not exceed the amount of his investment. The Musharakah can be for a limited rate of flow of time ilk 6 months, one year, two years, after the shutdown of the term both the liquid and non-liquid assets are evaluated again and profit whitethorn be distributed on the basis of evaluationSharing of gross profitFinancing by the method above can be very difficult in case the business is big and has large turn of fixed assets, because the valuation of the assets, their appreciation or depreciation whitethorn compose accounting problems which can cause disputes among partners. In this case Musharakah may be applied in another wayIn this scenario, difficulty tog out due to calculation of collateral expenses like salary of staff, depreciation of machinery etc. For solving such problem only direct expense like raw material, labour, etc. Shall be borne by the Musharakah. It means all the indirect expenses shall be borne by the industrialist and instead of net profit, gross profit shall be shared among the partners. In order to compensate the industrialist, the percentage of his profit may be increasedRunning musharakah account on the basis of perfunctory productsMost of the financial institutions finance working capital by beginning a running account from where the client draws the money at various intervals and returns surplus money. This process of credit and debit g oes on and up to date of maturity. interest is calculated on the basis of periodic productsFor making such arrangement possible for Musharakah Financing, following procedure may be suggestedA portion of the positive profit must be used for counseling of the businessA portion of the profit must be used for paying the investorsLoss must be borne by the investor in the take in ratio of their investment in the businessThe average of the contribution make to the musharakah account on daily basis must be treated as the share capital of the financierProfit acquire at the end of the term must be calculated on daily product basis, and must be distributed among the partners accordinglyIf parties allow such arrangement, it does not seem to violate any principles of Musharakah However, this needs to be looked into by the experts of Islamic jurisprudence. Practically, it means the parties have agreed to the principle that the profit earned at the end of the agreed time will be divided by th e capital utilized per day. Which will lead to average of money earned on daily. The amount of money earned per day will wherefore multiplied by the total number of days the money is invested by the partner for the calculation of his actual profitSome of the scholars do not allow this method as this method does not reflect the calculations of the actual profit earned by a partner of the Musharakah. The business may have earned a huge profit during the time a partner had no investment at all or share of his investment would be negligible but he will be paid at par with the other partners who had invested a huge sum of money. Similarly, the business may have suffered a great loss when a particular partner had invested huge amount of money and he will pass on loss to the other partners despite of their no investment during the loss or having invested negligible amount of moneyThe answer to the dividing line is that it is not necessary for the partners in Musharakah that they earn pro fit on the amount of their investment only. Once the Musharakah takes place the profit earned by the business are earned by all the partners despite whether their money in invested in the business or not. This is generally true for the Hanafi school of thought, which does not make it necessary for a Valid Musharakah that the money invested by the partners are together mixed up

The threat of globalization for smaller firms

The threat of internationalization for depressed firmsGlobalization has costs and benefits. There be examples of poorly managed economies. (eg when countries opened their sparingalal b ball clubs before they had the capacity to respond well) but at that place are too examples of well managed countries thatengage well with international community.Many regimens and supranational regime read committed themselves to encouraging shift in the domain of a function parsimony and push reducing mendi flush toiland so forth through the Millennium phylogenesis Goals (MDGs) and are cooperating in concert to work out smart instructions to manage globalization for their small firms /countries success in the world economy. Through the evaluation of the strategic anxiety in the global mystical-enterp stand(a) enviroment.The purpose of this report is to evaluate the routine of the strategic management of little firms by governments and supranationals in the global hawki sh environment.Introduction and BackgroundWhat is globalisation?Globalisation potbelly be delimit as the greater movement of people, goods, capital and ideas due to diverge magnitude economic integration which in turn is propelled by increased trade and investment. It is deal moving towards alimentation in a border little world.There has always been a sharing of goods, services, k instanterledge and cultures amid people and countries, but in recent geezerhood improved technologies and a reduction of obstacles means the speed of commutation is much faster. Globalisation abides opportunities and challenges. Bigger markets can mean bigger clams which leads to greater wealth for investing in development and reducing poverty in umpteen countries. Weak domestic policies, institutions and infrastructure and trade barriers can restrict a sylvans ability to take advantage of the stirs. Each country conciliates decisions and policies that position them to maximise the benefit s and minimise the challenges presented by globalisation.( www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au)In a world economy, characterized by a high level of changes over the retiring(a) few years, we can say that the world does not appear any much(prenominal) akin it was in the past.Indeed so many transformations seduce been through in term of government regulations, business, telecommunications, technology, research and development, customers needs and tastes, reduction in barriers to free trade and the world with all these factors sop up led to a great convergence.All these transformations are leading our national economies into a global system or a global economy, i.e. an independent, integrated global economic system therefore a process that we can refer to as globalization. Hence, in the era of the globalization, it has been inevitable for national enterprises to globalize in order to gain for instance close to competitive advantage, economies of scales, more than(prenominal) mark et share, correct skills. Indeed, nowadays, wherever a company licks, theses products or services would fetch whatever foreign competitors. ( Hill, 2006),The jar of globalization on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has legitimate a lot of attention in international markets in the past few years. Today, globalization is a study driver that has impact on nearly every business. One of the reasons for the international focus on SMEs is that these firms make significant contributions to the economy of both developed and under-developed countries. SMEs contribute over 55 percent of GDP and over 65 percent of total trade in high-income countries (UNCTAD, 2004). In Middle and East Asia for example, SMEs are major players in their countries economy accounting for a higher percent than what it represents in the ontogeny countries.Globalization has that much impact on business forces which shit added more drivers to Porters five Forces. One of these novel drivers in business lif e was discussed in an article by Larry Downes in Beyond Porter says that technological pass off in logistics and distribution enables nearly every business to buy, sell and gather on a global scale. Similarly, customers father the chance to compare worths globally in order to find the best offer. Many SMEs are now looking to go global. The markets are more accessible than ever before. However, whatever SMEs are finding it toilsome to master the art of market entry, resulting in heavy losses.Globalization has increased competitive pressures on firms. Together with rapid technological change it has altered the environment in which SMEs operate. The bottom cast is that, in an open and liberalized world, increasing SMEs competitiveness has become a major challenge.Globalization has also expanded controversy both geographically and to new areas. Competition between companies was mainly on products and services, at least to the point that markets were protected from foreign co mpetition.There is a wealth of economic recount that demonstrates that globalization brings great benefits as well as costs. It offers the opportunity for a higher rate of sustainable growth- growth that translates into longer, healthier lives and improved living standards. But, if we look at another side of picture then it has been prove that some of the competitive obstacles often faced by the little tip in the big ocean. Compared to bigger firms, atomic and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are generally less well-equipped to face increases in international trade. As a result of their abase productivity, many comport found it problematic to compete. Also, falln their limited re founts, they ease up found it more difficult to take advantage of the removal of responsibility barriers.Global markets are more integrated with more free feed of information, goods and services and migration. As a consequence of globalization we have seen the rise of the influence of great mult i nationals, to the detriment of Small and Medium Enterprises.In repartee to this threat governments and supranational authorities have knowing programs to protect and contribute these small firms to allow for their survival.Threat of globalizationThe increasing interdependence of countries in a globalised world makes them more vulnerable to economic problems for littler firms deal the Asian m anetary crisis of the late 1990s. (J.O Ajiboye, Adeyunke Tella University of Botswana)Smaller firms allow for find it difficult to compete on the global level as they lack the monetary and technical resources that multinationals have. In addition they lack the economies of scale which results in dis may cost per unit for the multi nationals.Pricing could be a challenge since the little firms are likely to have high costs per unit. Larger firms have the capacity to undercut the smaller firms prices as a consequence of this competition between smaller and large firm would erode margins of smaller firms and some of them would end up making loses and winding up.It would be difficult for smaller firms to attract a highly skilled work force because multi nationals have the capacity to pay better packages as they will have more financial resources. This would pose a challenge for smaller firms to operate expeditiously and effectively.High promotional, advertising and branding costs are a barrier to entry for small firmsCultural and religious factors can also rival competitiveness of small firms. For instance, in countries where Islam is a dominant religion in which strict adherence to halaal standards is a requirement, small firms may find it difficult to penetrate the market or to survive in such(prenominal) markets. spell restrictions can also affect small firm competitiveness. For example, in some countries such as Egypt, where there is an import ban on unrefined materials small firms may find it difficult to penetrate in such markets without a diversified globa l market base. Smaller firms may find it a challenge on the global market in terms of meeting certain international standards imposed by certain markets. exporting restrictions may also pose a problem. In some markets there are restrictive export regulations which, smaller firms find difficult to obey with e.g, small firms in Africa exporting agricultural produce into European markets such as honey or paprika.Membership of a Trading blocs such Common Market For Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA, Southern African Development Community SADC and the European Union EU, inter alia, could be another source of hindrance to smaller firms. Countries that are not members of such job blocs may find it difficult to trade with member countries.Further other government policies such as high taxes are a disincentive to investment. Small firms are likely to be affected by such taxes. contradictory multinationals, small firms are likely to suffer up-to-dateness exchange losses. This is because s mall firms may not have capacity to hedge against such losses. Multinationals, operate in different markets and can easily cushion such effects.Multinationals have the capacity to produce better and cheaper goods as a result of the transcendent resource endowments such as modern technology and have larger budgets for research and development as compared to smaller firms.Purchase Power proportion is another factor to consider e.g, multinationals can procure inputs in countries where the currency has a higher PPP.Globalization poses new challenges for SMEs by leading them to at least partially integrate the consequent idea of global change in their strategy. The expansion of markets does not mean that only large businesses will be able to profit fully from this trend. There is no correlation between large market and large business. Whatever the cost, to encourage the competitiveness of large national businesses. A fish that has become bigger and bigger in its pond will be eaten whe n it reaches the sea it is better to teach it how to fight when it is small so that it can deal with the competition, wherever it is.On the other hand, the internal factors constraining the globalization of SMEs are lack of bewilder on their part, insufficient resources and an excessive perception of risk. The major external factors are national information networks that are inadequate or poorly connected internationally, deficient complementary regional resources and assistance programs that are maladapted to SME requirements. In a number of countries, the compulsory factors appear to be gaining ascendance over the negative.The latterly completed (1996) OECD study on market globalization and SMEs shows, on the one hand, that the major factors sustaining or accelerating SME globalization are as much a result of the internal dynamics of small businesses as of environmental apply. In the first instance, searching for diversified growth, specific innovation-based fruit, and open -minded management fitting of engaging the appropriate specialized resources, go a long way toward explaining the behavior of internationally open SMEs. The case of the environment presumes effective regional consulting, funding and logistical resources to aliment exports. (Pierre-Andr JulienUniversit du Qubec Trois-Rivires )How governances and other supranational authorities support small firmsIn order to support the small firms from the threats of globalization governments and other supranational have designed programmes to protect them as utter below.Examples of Supranational institutions that manage such programs are presidencys, COMESA, WTO, being chamfer, AU, SADC,UN, ECOWAS, EU etc.Government supportSome of the different programs that must be designed includeFavorable bilateral and multilateral trade agreements which, support positive trade balances must be instituted by governments. This will ensure the growth of small firms thereby contributing to overall country gr owth.Governments should use their governmental influence to lobby for relaxed trade.Providing loan guarantees to small firms. Some of these guarantees involve partnerships with private banks or multilaterals such as the World Bank. Such policies help the smaller firm have access to finance.Governments also offer incentives and subsidies to allow the smaller firms compete on the international markets e.g. the Government of South Africa made deals with the Government of Zambia to allow a tax rebate of about five years also the EU also subsidies small scale farmers in the EU.Governments should bring out tax rebates on certain sectors of the industry e.g. in Zambia agricultural inputs are have zero tax to bring into the country to encourage more people engage in to agriculture and overall boost the economy for exports .Governments may devalue its currency to increase export volumes by allowing its exports to be cheaper e.g. China and Japan are practicing this. This should however be d one cautiously recognizing that it can be inflationary.Government should institute policies that encourage domestic trade through relevant monetary and fiscal policies.Government should encourage policies that support reduction of borrowing costs. Legal enactment of credit acts must be encouraged to protect the consumer.Government should append grants to economic agents for capital injection.Government should encourage agencies such as the Zambia Development Agency which to provide support to help small and medium businesses become more innovative, efficient and competitive through a national network of services and support for eligible SMEs to access expert, practical advice and support tailored to their individual firms.4.2 Supranational agree includesSupranational authorities should introduce grants, loans and funding for small economies to encourage production and trade among countries.Supranational should endeavor to help less developed countries by exposing entrepreneurs to the international markets.Supranationals should facilitate trade expos to stimulate trade. eg traditional indigenous artifacts have found their way to the international markets.Fair trade policies play a bigger role in protecting trade, fair and stable price and institutes like the WTO should encourage this.Forums are another platform that these institutions have introduced to give a voice to the voiceless on issues of economic development e.g. G8 are encouraging world trade by adopting certain polices.Examples of supranational and their impact on globalization4.2.1. a International Monetary Fund (IMF)The IMF is a sister institution to the World Bank in the United Nations system. It shares the homogeneous international membership and the same goal of raising living standards in its member countries. It works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty.4. 2.1. b World Bank(WB)The World Bank Groups deputation is to fight poverty and improve the living standards of people in the growth world. It is a development bank which provides low-interest loans, interest-free credit, grants, policy advice, technical assistance and noesis sharing services to low and middle-income countries to reduce poverty. The Bank promotes growth to establish jobs, and to empower poor people to take advantage of economic opportunities. The Bank is strongly committed to the Millennium Development Goals which target poverty. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.)4.2.1. c World Social Forum (WSF)The World Social Forum (WSF) is an amalgamation of many political/ complaisant movements from around the world. It was created to openly discuss alternatives to the model for globalisation formulated by the World Economic Forum, large multinational corporations, subject field Governments, IMF, the World Bank and the WTO. It is working to demonstrate that the path to sust ainable development, genial and economic justice lies in alternative models for people-centered and self-reliant progress, rather than in neo-liberal globalisation. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.)4.2.1. d World Trade Organisation (WTO)The World Trade validation (WTO) is a global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.)5.0 Conclusion more(prenominal) and more SMEs are availing themselves of new material and immaterial technologies to increase their productivity. They are innovating to prolong the useful life of their products or to change these products. They are associating with large businesses or working in networks to boost their strike forces. These networks also provid e them with international information to prevent them from being outpaced by change. But given the limitations of globalization, some Governments and supranational can have SMEs break away from increased competition by positioning them in specific niches. Globalization can offer as many opportunities for dynamic SMEs as obstacles for those that lag crapper in modernizing their production processes or developing these niches which can give them at least temporary shelter from the pressures of new competition.There are social and economic costs to globalisation. Trade liberalisation rewards competitive industries and penalises uncompetitive ones, and it requires participating countries to undertake economic restructuring and reform to help smaller firms.Some countries have been unable to take advantage of globalisation and their standards of living are drop further behind the richest countries. The gap in incomes between the 20% of the richest and the poorest countries has self-a ggrandizing from 30 to 1 in 1960 to 82 to 1 in 1995 (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.).The major economic powers have a major influence in the institutions of globalisation, like the WTO, and this can work against the interests of the developing world. The level of agricultural protection by rich countries has also been estimated to be around five times what they provide in aid to poor countries.Trade liberalization and technological improvements change the economy of a country, destroying the traditional agricultural communities and allowing cheap imports of manufactured goods. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.)References and spiritwww.globaleducation.edna.edu.auwww.worldbank.org/www.forumsocialmundial.org.www.wto.org/www.ausaid.gov.au/Michael PorterJohnson and Scholes, 1993

Impact of Diseases on Population Health

Impact of Diseases on Population HealthCon decennarytsIntroduction distinct Diseases their Impact on Health Status of PopulationDiabetesCholeraDiphtheriaMalariaMeaslesArthritisInfluence of non-homogeneous circumstanceors on Public Health PoliciesEfficacy of the miscellaneous Factors Involved secondary Approaches to Address the Different Health ProblemsConclusionReferencesIntroductionEach and severally yr in that location atomic number 18 m some(prenominal) chronic or non-infectious as easily as infectious complaints that claim the lives of a undischarged digit of large number all over the world (Vries, Cohen Rood, 1990). In America, this number is often than wizard and a half million. Ein truth s scour appear of ten deaths occur in America due to such maladys and therefrom it is further more than great to prevent them in one elan or the former(a)(a). There ar umteen rules, regulations and policies made each and all(prenominal) year in order to overcome t hese diseases tho they atomic number 18 not large as long as they argon not meetly execute in real livelihood. Moreover, a lot of aw arness quests to be brought in the mind of the general race so that they flush toilet communicate a owing(p)er level of precaution and thereby prevent the diseases from circumstances or nipping them in the bud at a precise early stage (Kradin, 2010). Government in like manner has a major social function to play in this context as assorted campaigns shadow be done in different populations to highlight the diseases and their cause and thereby call on the eagerness in them to take precaution before as easily as after the disease. The burden of non-infectious diseases is preventable to a great extent. This is beca exercise of the fact that non-infectious diseases like that of heart disease, stroke, spatecer and diabetes occur in item-by-items as a reflection of how they lead their lives or how they respond to the physical as tumefy a s social purlieus that they work under. With the advancement of the scientific as well as industrial aspects, tribe bring forth had much less wish to be drug-addicted on their own physical activities as nearly of the work are done by the everyday machines that surround us. stirring of un healthy meals is also a reason for the feature of these kinds of diseases. Physical in use, use of tobacco, consumption of alcohol in an unhealthy manner and poor maintenance are the main reason why an individual become the dupe of heart diseases, stroke, asthma, diabetes, arthritis and other such non-communicable or non-infectious diseases (Buchan Cathrall, 1797). Thus it groundwork be said that the choice of a poor or unhealthy modus vivendi is the main reason why these kinds of diseases happen to people. Thus if a proper and appropriate awareness is developed in the population about the way in which a healthy life drift backside be lead, these diseases gouge be controlled to a great extent. Thus along with the other social, political factors that matter in this context, the individuals own consciousness regarding himself and the people around him or her is also very much required (Bunch, 1997).Different Diseases their Impact on Health Status of PopulationEach and every population is in one way or the other abnormal by a wide range of diseases. The following list gives a brief description of the different kinds of diseases that the human population has to deal with and how they are intensely modify by them.DiabetesDiabetes mellitus or better known as diabetes is the disease where the individual is affected with high blood pelf level. The commonplace symptoms of this disease are that of urination in a very betray manner, increase in the thirst of the soul and also a great increase in the hunger of the soul (Stehouwer Schaper, 2009). In case of diabetes also, the factors of with child(p) and physical inactivity play a major persona in developing risk factors in the individuals for this particular disease. Thus it can be prevented by taking a little care.Source Stehouwer Schaper, 2009.The conversion of sugar into energy is very essential in our embody and that is done by the hormone insulin which converts glucose into energy. When sufficient amount of insulin in not produced in our body, the level of glucose rises in the body and hence, it shows abnormality in the daily proceeding in that particular human being and causes diabetes. The complications of diabetes involves feeling tired, feeling constantly thirsty, casual urine frequently, slow healing transmittals, blurred vision, itching in the pare down or genital area, tingling and numbness in the feet or in the hands, unexplained weakness and fatigue, saddle loss, vomiting and nausea. There are in general devil types of diabetes occurring in the society and they are oddball 1 or insulin dependent diabetes that is also called Juvenile Diabetes and Type 2 or non insulin dependent diabetes that is also called Adult onset diabetes (Jackman, et. al., 2015).Source Buschard, 2011.The Type 1 diabetes commonly causes to children like young adults and teenagers and they require regular injections of insulin. The Type 2 diabetes normally affects to people above the age of 45 years and they are tough with regular exercise and healthy eating. Insulin tablets and injections are also needed some sequences. However, if Type 1 diabetes is left hand untreated, the person having type 1 diabetes accumulates dangerous chemic substances that have produced from burning of fat and this condition is known as keto acidosis. genetic susceptibility is also a factor causing diabetes. The genes of an individual outmatchow proteins and instructions that are need for the functioning of the body. Hence, if anyone parent of an individual is affected with diabetes, thusly the chances of that individual of having diabetes is higher. Thus, is could be said that the origin o f diabetes disease in an individual comes from its heredity. The diagnosis of diabetes disease could be done by the self-denial Plasma Glucose psychometric test and the vocal Glucose Tolerance Test. The Fasting Plasma Glucose Test is done after self-restraint for at least 8 hours and the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test is also done after 8 hours fasting as well as 2 hours after the person drinks 75 grams of glucose piddle. There are certain proportions of blood glucose level that determines that the person is piteous from diabetes or not (Buschard, 2011).Source Jackman, et. al., 2015.CholeraThe main reason for the item of Cholera is because of a bacterial infection in the intestine of an individual (Barua Burrows, 1974). The infection in many of the cases can be very easygoing and thus no proper symptoms can be detected at the beginning. The symptoms of cholera are that of intense diarrhea, vomiting and cramps in the leg. Not each and every uncomplaining of cholera allow be a ffected in a major way. Statistics show, that approximately one out of twenty unhurried ofs of cholera suffer in an intense manner. Since the symptoms of cholera include diarrhea and vomiting, the body of the patient gets easily dehydrated and the person can also go into a state of shock. Thus in an intense case of Cholera, the patient can even die in a matter of a few hours if the person is not provided with proper word at the very earliest.The main reason behind a person becoming a victim of the disease of cholera is the intake of contaminated or septic food and water. The areas or locality where there sewage system and planning of drinking water is treated in a poor manner, there is a greater possibility of the people of those areas acquire affected with this particular disease (Hayhurst, 2001). And if the feces of the people deplorable from cholera get combine with the system of water supply then the disease can fete in the entire locality at the blink of an eye and thu s create an epidemic. The bacterium that causes cholera snow-whitethorn live in the surroundings in some coastal areas. Thus if a person consumes mollusk in a raw manner, then he or she too has the chances of getting affected by the disease as the shellfish may contain that particular bacterium.During the 1800s this disease was very much common in America. The main reason behind it being that of industrialization and thus other industrialized nations were also affected. solely the modern systems in which the sewage and water is treated has been able to almost wipe out this disease. Moreover, if tourists go to a place which is affected by cholera, they may even carry the bacterium being exposed to it and as a result bring it support in their native land. Thus innocent but potent precautions need to be taken by outside travellers as well the people who live in the region in order to get unloosen of such a dangerous disease.DiphtheriaDiphtheria is the practiced disease caused b y the infection of a bacterium which ultimately affects the respiratory system or the disrobe (Guilfoile, 2009). The symptoms of respiratory diphtheria are that of sore throat, fever and in some cases the neck also gets swollen up. In intense or sever cases of diphtheria a layer of membrane gets formed over the throat and for this reason the patient suffers from breathing problems. The kind of diphtheria affecting the skin is known as dermal diphtheria and the symptoms of it is that lesions are formed on the skin. If a person affected from this disease is not treated in a proper way then he or she can go to coma or even die. Thus the severity of this disease can very well be understood and thus precaution should be taken at any cost.This disease can be spread by an infected person by the acts of coughing or sneezing. This happens due to the fact that the person in truth expels the drops which contain the bacterium of diphtheria and thus the other person coming in contact with it inhales it and thereby becomes a victim of it (Margulies, 2005). The treatment of this disease is generally done by hospitalizing the patient and giving him or her antibiotics.America has a history of suffering from Diphtheria before 1920s but after that with the world of the vaccine this disease has taken a backseat.MalariaThe reason that a person gets affected with malaria is because a person gets affected with the parasite transmitted by the infected mosquitoes (Isle, 2001). The symptoms of this disease can be observed within ten day to quartet weeks after the individual has been bitten by the infected mosquito. The symptoms of malaria are as follows chills, fever, sweating, muscle pain and headache. When this disease occurs in a serious or sever manner, then the patient may vomit a lot, suffer from iron deficiency (anemia), kidneys can fail to work properly, can go to coma or even die.The anti-malarial drugs help in set the disease in the infected patients but there are als o many ways in which this particular disease can be prevented to happen. No open fresh waters should be kept in ones household or neighborhood as that is best breeding place for mosquitoes. Precautions against getting bitten can be taken by igniting mosquito killing coils, covering the windows with nets etc. Each and every individual should nullify getting bitten by mosquitos where the malaria infection is either quite common or if there is already an individual affected with the disease.Since the parasite causing malaria necessarily warm temperature in order to grow and survive, this disease is mainly effectuate in tropical and sub-tropical countries (Marcus, 2004).MeaslesThis disease is caused by a virus and is highly contagious in nature. The very early symptoms of this disease which can noticed are that of fever, cough, the eyes turn red, and the patient suffers from a runny nose (Rosaler, 2005). Initially, a type of rash appears on the skin where white spots can be noticed around the mouth and a red rash covers the whole body. The longevity of this rash is about four to seven days. In cases where the disease of very severe and intense nature, the patient can also suffer from diarrhea, the ear can get infected, occurrence of pneumonia is also a possibility, the brain can get swelled up (encephalitis) and also death.The measles virus can be transmitted from one person to another by the act of simple sneezing or coughing. The virus has the capability to stay in the air for about two long hours even after the person infected with the virus has left the place. There is no particular remedy or instant treatment for such a disease. The patients are mainly advised to take discern bed rest.Around the world, more than 20 million people are affected with this in each and every year and thus this disease can be said to be very common. But with an effective immunization campaign, this disease can be controlled and thus the population can be kept safe.ArthritisTh is is a kind or type of the disarray of joints for which the joints gets swollen up. This is a common disease in adults who lead a very unhealthy lifestyle and do not give much importance their own health and eating habits. Arthritis occurs mainly as a result of continuous physical inactivity and a poor forage of the individual under consideration. The people who have a greater chance of getting affected by this particular disease are those suffering from the following factors Obesity, Joint Injuries etc. If a person endeavors to manage his weight and thereby decrease it to a proper limit, then the risk of the person getting affected by arthritis is much lower. Thus doing physical activity on a regular basis can be considered as a precautionary measurement to such a disease. There are many different kinds of arthritis but the most common of them in innovation is that of osteoarthritis.Influence of various factors on Public Health PoliciesIn the unify States, the threats due to t he environmental health are unendingly increasing and are much more observable in the populations having low income and also in that of the communities where colored people belong (Perrin, Durch Skillman, 1999). The environmental science researchers have always endeavored to find a correlation or association between the environment in which human beings are existing and the condition of health of those people. Thus, the role and responsibility of the primary care physicians as well as that of the other health providers are always in a state of compound as they have to act according to the environment itself. Thus they have an make for on the health policies that are being constructed for the general population to follow. The health of the general population is also one of the responsibilities of an expeditious establishment and thus a governmental body would try to use its resources in order to understand and thereby develop familiar health policies which will prove to enrich and enhance the lives of the general population (Holland, 1999). Scientific and technological advancement has made a lot of things easier for the general population. Through scientific research work, a lot of effective medicates have been created which helps to treat patients and the staple fiber precautionary medicaments are mentioned in the health policies. Through the technological advancement, many devices have been created which helps in the detection as well as regain of many diseases at a very early stage. Thus in a way, the scientific and technical factors also have an influence on the public health policies that are made for the general population.Efficacy of the Various Factors InvolvedThe current public health policies are quite efficient as a lot of diseases have been able to be prevented through the proper execution of these policies. The primary policy of creating awareness regarding the different diseases and their effects is the first step towards preventing and mitigating the various kinds of infectious as well as non-infectious diseases. Through awareness the possibility of the disease occurring will be lowered and thus care and treatment can be done in a proper way. Secondly, as the development in the field of medicine due to the extensive scientific researches done has happened in a great manner, so it has a positive effect on the public health policies (Brownson, 2003). Through governmental endeavor different campaigns are conducted over different regions and places in order to provide with medicinal equipment, giving a clinical check up to the individuals of the area in order of find out if anyone is suffering from any diseases. The policy which states that each individual is needed to go through a medical checkup within time to time actually helps individuals to identify if they are having any health problems at a very early stage. Thus is can be said in a way that the efficacy of the policies and practices are positive in the lives of the general population.Alternative Approaches to Address the Different Health ProblemsThe alternative way in which different diseases can be controlled can be through the operation of vaccination. For example, rotavirus, pneumococcal and HPV vaccines can be considered as significant and very important new interventions which can be used to reduce the different diarrheic diseases, infections relating to the respiratory tract or respiration and cervical cancer respectively. diarrhea can also be controlled with the treatment of zinc, ORS and antibiotics amongst others.ConclusionThus it can be observed that the human life is vulnerable to the human life but at the same time can be controlled by taking some simple precautionary measures. A lot of factors influence the construction of the public health policies which are helpful for the general population. But it is also the responsibility of the health providers to take care of some honourable issue while doing their job. For exa mple, no care provider should work is he or she is sick as that would increase the opportunity of the disease getting spread. Thus it can very well be understood that the diseases can be ridden off only by the joint effort of twain the patient and the care giver. There is not perfect treatment for diabetes but could be controlled by leading a healthy life style along with regular exercise and healthy eating.ReferencesBarua, D., Burrows, W. (1974). Cholera. Philadelphia Saunders.Brownson, R. (2003). Evidence-based public health. Oxford Oxford University Press.Buchan, W., Cathrall, I. (1797). Domestic medicine or, A treatise on the prevention and cure of diseases, by regimen and simple medicines. Philadelphia Printed by Richard Folwell. For John Low, no. 132, Water-Street, new-sprung(prenominal)-York.Bunch, B. (1997). Diseases. Danbury, CT Grolier Educational.Buschard, K. (2011). What causes type 1 diabetes? Lessons from zoology models. APMIS, 119, pp.1-19.Guilfoile, P. (2009). Di phtheria. New York Chelsea House.Hayhurst, C. (2001). Cholera. New York Rosen.Holland, W. (1999). Public health policies in the European Union. Aldershot Ashgate.Isle, M. (2001). Malaria. New York Rosen Pub. Group.Jackman, J., Chafe, R., Albrechtsons, D., Porter, R., Nugent, C., Waheed, S. and Newhook, L. (2015). Delayed diagnosis and issues with pump usage are the leading causes of diabetic ketoacidosis in children with diabetes living in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. BMCKradin, R. (2010). Diagnostic pathology of infectious disease. Philadelphia, PA Saunders Elsevier.Marcus, B. (2004). Malaria. Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers.Margulies, P. (2005). Diphtheria. New York Rosen Pub. Group.Perrin, E., Durch, J., Skillman, S. (1999). Health performance measurement in the public sector. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press.Rosaler, M. (2005). Measles. New York Rosen Pub. Group.Stehouwer, C., Schaper, N. (2009). Diabetes. Oxford Clinical Pub.Vries, R., Cohen, I., Rood, J. (1990). The Role of micro-organisms in non-infectious diseases. capital of the United Kingdom Springer-Verlag.1 Page

Facades And Building Envelopes Engineering Essay

facades And Building Envelopes Engineering EssayFacades and twist envelopes, which argon the away sputter of a build, project the image and creative intent. They give the bounce as hearty as become important environmental moderators and key influencers in project bump and commercial success. A well institutioned faade allows a bare-assed building to work more effectively for its owners, occupants and the environment. The faade plays a polar role in rage and light exchange as it is the embrasure between the exterior environment and interior space. Comfort, productivity, energy use and neglect cost can all be improved.http//www.arup.com/Services/Facade_engineering.aspxDouble fur frontlets are often used in Europe to resist the iciness climate however double-skin systems in Australia are relatively new. One utilization where the double faade system is demonstrated in Australia is Sydneys 1 Bligh alley high rise. The faade provides great solar control patch mainta ining easy views of the Sydney Harbour.1 Bligh roadway is a premium grade high-rise building offering 27 aims of dresser accommodation and features a double-skin, render facade with a raw(a)ly ventilated full-of-the-moon height atrium. Amenities let in a cafe, childcare centre, shower facilities, bicycle racks and parking for 92 cars. The buildings 6 Star, Green Star rating achievement is the highest awarded in NSW and includes the maximum permissible five points for innovation in categories such as environmental heading initiative and exceeding Green Star standards. The building was innovationed with a focus on maintaining views while providing sufficient daylight levels and solar control. re Brown, director of Architectus, stated that the geographic and climatic conditions at 1 Bligh Street were major influences on specification of the double skin faade.BACKGROUNDOwners Co-owned by DEXUS Property Group, DEXUS Wholesale Property Fund (DWPF) and Cbus Property.Architects A ustralian Architectus and Germanys Ingenhoven who came together in 2006 for a design competition.Builders Grocon Australias largest privately owned development and construction company.Facade Contractor Arup.Facade Consultant Enstrust.Awards 1 Bligh has received a sum of awards and has been highly commended for its sustainable design, development and computer architecture. Awarded take up Retail/Commercial schooling urban Development Institute of Australia NSW Highly commended stain Development Australia category, Asia peace-loving Property Awards (May 2011) Highly commended Office Architecture Australia category, Asia Pacific Property Awards Voted Best Tall Building 2012 for Asia and Australis by the CTBUH (Council for tall Building and Urban and Urban Habitat, IL, USA)2012 NSW Architecture Awards Urban Design Award Sir Arthur G. Stephenson Award for commercial architecture 2012 Milo Dunphy Award for sustainable architectureDESIGNIngenhoven produced a design allowing w orkers and the public to see and feel the whole of the community of the building. 1 Bligh Streets elliptic geometry effectively resolves the sites urban condition at the meeting of two city grids. The ellipse is rotated on the site to encompass views to the harbour, thus solving the urban condition and maximising the buildings commercial value (). The disadvantage is that it is more costly to construct an elliptical building than a square building. However, this is make worthwhile by a magnificent curved atrium at the buildings core providing a sanctuary to its inhabitants.A naturally ventilated water system ice atrium climbs the full height of the building, providing a circulation of fresh air and a sense of nudeness on all floors. The glass provides dynamic views through the building making the atrium an arrival point for every floor, enhancing communication, connection and community.The buildings scale is broken in the centre by a large outdoor terrace cut into the floor pl ate at the lift transfer level. This space has been taciturn as its reception floor, making it one of the most spectacular and crotchety reception of any legal firm in the city. The terrace overly cleverly conceals the air intake for the air handling plant above, which is cover in a glass skin making it fully seeable within the building.At the top of the building, the inner glass shape peels away, creating a large outdoor timber terrace incorporating banksia trees. This creates the buildings fifth elevation which is sight by taller surrounding buildings.ENVIRONMENTAL THERMAL STRATEGIESCost effective and sustainable buildings have been a key focus in building design for years. Double skin faade systems are becoming increasingly uncouth in high profile buildings and are being enthused as an symbolical green building strategy. The system consists generally of exterior skins which respond dynamically to varying ambient conditions, which can incorporate a range of shading, natura l ventilation, and caloric insulation strategies.The overall purpose of the double skin differs from the unoriginal system used in European buildings where the intention is to trap the soup up by incorporating an extra thermal layer of air. The thermal skin of 1 Bligh is designed to keep the building cool. It does this by stopping direct cheerfulnessniness from hitting the internal glass. Between the inner and outer glass layers, outfit venetian blinds track the sun and automatically adjust to suit. The outer glass skin incorporates fixed horizontal ventilation slots at each level of the building to encourage upward airflow within the cavity which helps to force out unwelcome hot air. This flow is driven by natural vagabond since Sydney rarely experiences a completely still day. This result is that the internal skin will never be undefended to air temperatures that are vastly higher than the outside ambient air temperature. The outer glass layer also acts as a weather shi eld to protect the blinds from dreaded winds. The inner layer which is double glazed for world class thermal efficiency acts as a barrier against heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter, thus complimenting the benefits derived from the venetian blinds. http//www.architectus.com.au/sites/ carelessness/files/06_0.jpgOne of the major benefits of the double skin faade is that operable external blinds can be introduced which normally cant be installed on a high-rise, thus producing a shading coefficient of 0.15 with the blinds down and uninterrupted views when up. Reduced heat and optimised light is obtained as a result, underpinning high performance sustainability and unprecedented environmental innovation.It can be foreseen that double-skin faade systems require more cleaning than a single-skin glass faade, however the outer skin which is the only surface exposed to the elements, will only require six-monthly cleaning with minimal cleaning inevitable on former(a) surfaces. The ca vity between the skins is less vulnerable to environmental grime, and the gantry set up will significantly improve the upper berth and safety of the cleaning task.SUSTAINABILITYOverall, the key sustainability innovations which have been encompassed along with the double glass faade include, natural ventilation to the atrium, 40% recycled concrete, 90% recycled poise, FSC certified timber, recycled timber, solar cooling, tri-generation, minacious water treatment, rainwater harvesting, sewer mining.94% of the demolished buildings materials were recycled including steel and concrete (Horiso). An advanced hybrid of VAV and chilled beam air conditioning systems are run off a series of curved solar thermal collectors. The tri-generation system uses gas and solar energy to generate cooling, heating and electricity. The black water recycling method, which is the first to be used in an office tower, reduces the overall water consumption throughout the building with some of the recycled wa ter being used for irrigation. Recycled rain water is also used for irrigation.http//www.architectus.com.au/sites/ disrespect/files/04_1.jpgThe sustainability features of 1 Bligh Street result in the lowest operating costs of a premium grade building in Sydney, equating to estimated savings of approximately $2 million per annum (Horiso).CONSTRUCTIONThe inner skin was constructed of high-quality, double-glazed windows, while the outer skin was constructed of single-sheet laminated glass. A 600mm cavity between the two skins provides the need space to accommodate the automated venetian blind system, as well as walkway gantries at each level of the building for approach by cleaners and maintenance personnel. 1780 blinds were used in total http//www.architectus.com.au/sites/ inattention/files/05_0.jpgThe construction process took ten years to complete. Where normally one subcontractor deeds the building perimeter, Grocon had three to coordinate the faade contractor, the waterproofers and the blinds contractor.GLASS TYPEOffice buildings typically incorporate some form of tinted or reflective glazing in order to minimise the amount of direct sunlight and heat first appearance the building. The trade-off is a darkened or pearlescent finish that can visually isolate the occupants of the building from the natural environment and create undesired reflectivity, particularly at night, when the inner glass can resemble a mirror.The Bligh Street glass, supplied by G. James, has a 62% Visual Light transmission system (VLT), compared to normal office glazing specifications of approximately 25 40%. In other words, onlookers will be struck by the crystal clear views into the building meantime, the occupants will experience true-to-life panoramic views of the harbour and the citys genuine colours. This is because the sun protection is very efficient, and therefore non-tinted glass could be used on the outer skin. This makes the building extremely transparent and offers th e user a varied experience.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, it can be seen that building strategies such as the double faade system, can be adapted to suit a specific climate while maintaining sufficient sustainability and economic properties. Similarly, glass as a building material can be used in many applications not only for aesthetic purposes but also for a thermal and sustainable strategy. 1 Bligh Street may be the low gear of an effective double glass faade system which will be implemented on high-rise buildings throughout Australia.