Separate components

One of the main religious books of Buddhism is â€Å"Tripitaka† (Pali language and Sanskrit – ‘tri’ = three and ‘pitaka’ = basket), which means â€Å"three baskets (of texts)† and also is know as â€Å"Tipitaka†, canonic texts of classical Buddhism schools, consisting of the Vinaya, the Sutta or Suttanata and the Abhidhamma.This three-part structure of canonic texts can be considered as line of demarcation between classical Buddhism (which some people call hinayana – narrow way or narrow chariot) and those reformative directions, which having desire to show its supremacy, gained an honorable title of mayanaya (wide way or wide chariot) and created another collections of holy texts, imitating to some extent works of â€Å"Tripitaka† (first of all these are dialogues of Sutta Pitaka), but didn’t follow principles of three-part canon.Separate components of â€Å"Tripitaka† were kept in memories of many sch ools of early Buddhism indifferent Indian languages, such as Sanskrit and hybrid Sanskrit and also in middle Indian languages.Some schools considered as holy all parts of Tripitaka, – except of theravaddine, vatsipuri or machishchasaka. The others focused accent at importance of separate parts in comparison with others: sthaviravadines respected the Sutta first of all; sarvastivadines respected the Abhidhamma and aparashayles and purvashayles recognized only the Vinaya. Some of the followers completed three-part canon with new ‘baskets’.So, machasanghiki added to three parts Samiukta-pitaka and Dharma-pitaka, and bachusrutii (who already recognized â€Å"transcendency† of some Buddhist studies) added also Bodhisattva-pitaka, whereas dharmaguptaki took from traditional three parts only the Vinaya and added together with three new ‘pitakas’ also Tsharani-pitaka (which was probably text of magical spells) (Thomas W. Rhys-Davids, p.103).Complete c anonic text of â€Å"Tripitaka† belongs to ‘orthodox’ school of theravadines. Canonic texts were collected, were reproduced and passed orally, modified by the teachers, preachers and missioners of Buddhist communities during many ages, so material of Pali â€Å"Tripitaka† belongs to wide time continuum from the Buddha à ©poque (according to modern date – 5 century BC), some speeches of whom, probably, were memorized immediately by followers of his communities, specialized on memorizing of holy texts (bhanaki) till time of their partial writing in Pali language in the 1 century BC.Process of canonization wasn’t finished yet. Texts of â€Å"Tripitaka† continued to be created, edited, wrote and re-wrote till the 5th century – time of creation of â€Å"complete† commentary to â€Å"Tripitaka†, which can be considered the Pali re-working of Singal commentaries by egzeget collegiums, managed by Buddaghossa. So, historic al origin of â€Å"Tripitaka† texts needs special examining in each separate case.Written form of â€Å"Tripitaka† was first written on palm leaves – alu – during the times of King Vatthugamini Abhay (101-77 BC) in Alu-Vihara, Matala near Kandi, Sri-Lanka.These works were collected one year after Buddha’s death by his three followers at the first Buddhist’s meeting in Radzhigire. During the next meetings those groups of studies were re-worked and written.First ‘basket’ consists of 3 parts and is dedicated to principles of organization of Buddhist monk community, principles of creation and demands to monks.The Vinaya regulates all monk life and their communications with civil people in details. The word â€Å"Vinaya† means â€Å"that, who dispels evil†. The first part, Suttavibhanga, is commentary to patimokkha – 227 discipline rules for monks in connection with definite actions of members of early-Buddhist m onk community-sangha and corresponding punishments – starting of admonitions and finished by expulsion from sangha. These rules reflect real practice of regular readings of patimokkha during fasting-days (uposatha) of new moon and full moon.The second part consists of Khandhakas – in two versions (Mahavagga in 10 chapters and Culavagga in 12 chapters), where detailed discipline rules (prescribing how to live during rain periods, which clothes they should wear, how they should prepare medicines, etc), are ‘diluted’ with didactic and historical legends (Frauwallner, E.,, p.53).The first contains stories which explain how separate people came to Buddhist community, the second contains information about partial stories of Buddha’s life (gaining â€Å"clarifying†, first travels and first followers) and stories about first two Buddhist meetings in Radzhagrych (soon after Buddha’s death) and in Vayshali. The third part, Parivaranapatha, consi sts of 19 text of catechism type, including questions and answers for discipline problems.The Sutta, the eldest and the main part of Tripitaka’s texts is collection of five big texts (nikaya), first four of which are thematically similar to some extent (statement by Buddha, sometimes by his followers, of separate topics in Dharma (Buddhist science), and the last part is collection of different materials, united a bit later.The first four collections of the Sutta are started with unchangeable words â€Å"So I heard†, which is given from the narrator (in order to show origin of text), which is followed by plotline of lesson and then after the lesson itself, which Buddha pronounces in dialogue with somebody or in monologue (http://www.dharmanet.org/).The words are â€Å"Tripitaka† words are charming, they open your eyes and bewilder with their wisdom; they sound like music which you want to hear again and over again, reading and re-reading its simple but wise words : â€Å"He walks without fear, stands without fear, sits without fear, lies down without fear. Why is that? Because he is out of the Evil One ‘ s range. †Thai is what the Blessed One said. The bhikkhus were satisfied and delighted in the Blessed One ‘ s words†. (â€Å"Tripitaka†) These four collections of texts differ not only in content, but in quantity and structure – by length of the Suttas and way of organization of their consequences. All five big collections of the Sutta’s texts include in different proportions prosaic and poem components.

The change in marriage and divorce figures over a 20 year period

In this essay I will look at the change in marriage and divorce figures over a 20 year period. I will look mainly at the area of divorce and how this may have affected the relationships within marriage, within my chosen time scale, to explore how a changing society may have resulted in the breakdown (or choice to not undertake) marriage. I have looked at data from 1978 and then at 1998 from the official statistics for these two areas. I will look at data from two separate years, only twenty years apart to show what changes if any can be seen in such a small time scale. The data I will use is taken from the ‘Office of Population Censuses Surveys'. Marriage and divorce Statistics (1980 &1998). I have converted them to percentages, to make them easer to understand and rounded them to the nearest 0. 01%. I have not included the widowed figures in this essay! As this is not a choice like divorce or marriage. Looking back over the divorce rates and how they have changed, showed that from as far back as 1901 to the late 1960's with only a small increase from the 60's to the late 1970's. Divorce rates were quite consistent from 1. 4% to 2%. Then between the late 1970's to today a huge leap. Between 1978 and 1980, there was a vast amount of movement in the rights of women in respect of work and benefits rights. As well as social changes in respect of how divorce and signal mothers were viewed. Was there a shift from a patriarchy society? Women became able to function in society without a man or marriage. So what do the stats show? In 1978 Looking across all (adult) age groups, 50. 5% were marred, 40. % were single. With those divorced showing only 2. 1%, the figures for 1998 show that 43. 7% were single, with only 42. 8% marred. This shows one area of change, less people getting marred, although the figures do not indicate those living together unmarried (which raises the question of value placed on the position or marriage in today's society). When we look at the figures for divorce in 1978 then at 1998, the change is easy to see. In 1978 only 2. 1% of adults were divorced, only 20 years later it was 6. % an increase of 4. 7% more. The years after the war up to 1978 showed only a small difference form the 1945 to 1978, only 0. 5%. Yet in this 20 year section there is a rapid increase, the figures also shows an increase of remarriages. If we take away those remarried, the divorce rate is 10%. The age people marry today has also changed, 26. 8 % in 1978 were marred by 25 years old. By 1998 this had dropped to only 10. 3%. And later in life, age 65 to 70 years of age. Over 51% marred in 1998 as apposed to 29. 3% in 1978. The figures show in 1978 marriage lasted longer with less ending in divorce, by 1998 marriage was ‘later in life', with more chance of divorce, and this also raised the amount of 2nd marriages. NOTE:[Divorce rates did jump between 1972 and 1972 but this is could be argued was a result of the Divorce Reform Act of 1969] The way we record ‘what is' a family unit has been forced to change with less people marrying; a family in the 70's was; â€Å"a social unit consisting of a wife, husband and dependent children† (Huges & Fergusson 2000, P49) Whereas today; â€Å"a family is defined as a marred or cohabiting couple, with or with out their never married children (who have no children of their own), or a loan parent with such children. People living alone are not considered to form a family† (social trends, 1999, P43) In 1997 there were only 310,000 marriages altogether, this was the lowest recorded figures of the 20th century, and more divorces were brought by women on the grounds of ‘unreasonable behavior' some 70% (ONS, 2000, p. 9) This is could be argued marks a change with women now making sociality move away from a patriarchal ideology, some commentators in the 70's talked of marriage moving towards one of symmetry; Michael Young and peter Willmott argued that women no longer needed the ‘male bread winner', and with more legal support and better rights in/access to employment, the relationships within marriage hade to change, Young and Willmott said; this symmetry could be seen in division of labor in the home, with the old distinction between men's and women's jobs becoming increasingly blurred, a shift to joint decision making, and increasing sheared social life† Young and Willmott 1973 p. 343) So not only the way the family unit is seen in society has changed, it could be argued, but the relationships within marriage undergone change. In this small gap of 20 years, women it could be argued have more control, no longer has the man got more power then the woman in the home relationship. Of course this is not true of the ‘older generation', although with social change each generation brings its own values to the front. We can see today with marriage declining, more ending in divorce, modern society places less value on marriage than there parents did. Old moral values are been eroded away, for a faster consumer orientated society. Things are for today and out of fashion next week. It would seam that if current trends continue as they have from 1978 to 1998; will anybody both to get married in 30 years time. Will relationships become more of a casual affair? Will women gain more control than men with in relationships. Women with the emergence of things such as ‘the pill', sperm banks for single [potential mothers] women. The position of men within society us under more pressure and question the more we move into the ‘new' modern equal society.

Management and leadership devt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and leadership devt - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the examination of the development of leadership, as a core element of modern organizations. At the same time, reference is made to the changes in the styles of leadership, following the changes in market conditions and the organizational potentials worldwide. The relationship between management and leadership is also explored, aiming to understand the power of leader to control organizational operations. It is proved that leadership tends to change continuously; however, the level of this process is not standardized. It is assumed that the potentials of leaders to act independently in each organization can vary, under the influence of the internal organizational environment and the local market ethics. 2. Leadership – description and development The characteristics and the role of leadership in modern organizations are likely to be differentiated in accordance with the conditions of the internal and the external organizational environment. Up to a lev el, such differentiation is justified taking into consideration the fact that the needs of each organization are not identical. However, similarities exist, which allow for assumptions in regard to the performance of leadership in different organizational and market conditions. The understanding of the process of change as occurring in leadership styles requires the reference to the definition of the specific concept. The characteristics of leadership should be also analytically described in order to identify the potentials of the specific concept to be further developed. 2.1 Definition of leadership In accordance with Van Velsor et al. (2010) the traditional definition of leadership as the establishment of shared goals that followers have to support, should be alternated in order to become more effective. It is suggested that leadership is considered as ‘the process of producing direction, alignment and commitment (DAC) in collectives’ (Van Velsor et al. 2010). 2.2 Mai n characteristics of leadership The leadership, as described above, is highly differentiated by management. Because both these concepts are related to modern business activities, their relationship should be further explained making sure that the role and the potentials of each one of them will be made clear. In accordance with Ryan (2007) the role of leader refers to the establishment of the organization’s vision and mission. On the contrary, the manager has to develop the measures necessary for the realization of organization’s vision and the achievement of organization’s targets (as set by the leader). Furthermore, the leader is likely to create inspiration to the employees urging them to develop their skills (Stimson et al. 2009). The manager has to support employees in their efforts to improve their capabilities and knowledge but he is not expected to inspire the employees, mostly because his power in the organization is limited. Moreover, the leader establ ishes the organizational culture; the manager needs to act in accordance with the organizational culture and values having the power to choose among the policies used for the promotion of organizational culture through the firm’s daily activities (Derr et al. 2002). At the same time, the leader needs to promote innovation, ensuring that the competitiveness of his organization is kept at high levels (Lussier et al. 2009).

Factors Influence a Consumer to Select Restaurant in the UK Coursework

Factors Influence a Consumer to Select Restaurant in the UK - Coursework Example Restaurant selection has without any doubt become an established art as of these days. While consumers seemingly exclaim that the quality of prepared food and the type food are the critical variables for restaurant selection or rejection for that question, there might definitely be an overwhelming number of other less significant choice variables. This line of reasoning may in addition to the former one, prove to be an unquestioning component of the deciding factors in determining the final reflection on restaurant selection for the British consumers. In a very significant contrast to what used to be the norms in the early days of the restaurant in Britain, when getting fed was supposed to be the one and only explanation for hungry consumers to visit commercial eating places in the United Kingdom, consumers of the present age have acquired different moods and tastes and accordingly, rummage around for restaurants or dining places where they could get a more than fair to middling oppo rtunity in order to comply with the requirements of their specific penchant and palate. In sequence to putting adequate light on the subject of restaurant selection and the motives and driving factors that move British consumers, there is a dire need to furthermore look into and discuss another major and very much relevant topic which is; dining out. Selection of a Restaurant is no doubt very much related to the subject of Dining Out. Everyone needs to eat out and enjoy. There is a considerable population in Britain that actually loves to go and eat out in restaurants, cafes, fast food outlets and even bars, taverns, and inns. For some consumers though, it is a leisure activity that usually takes up all of their time and more often than not, their amounts of money too. The specific comportment, in which Britons dine out today, is evermore changing and before we could even start taking into account the ins and outs of modern day restaurant dining, it is important and interesting to u nderstand how the actual practice got underway.  

The Sources of Conflict in the Middle East Essay

The Sources of Conflict in the Middle East - Essay Example 142). Other theories such as international relations, religious conflict and civil war theories have been used to explain the sources of conflict in the Middle East. Theories of international relations conceptualize what drives state-to-state relations and state behaviour. There are essentially two main theories of international relations: liberalists and neo-realists theories. Liberalists theorize that the spread of liberal politics will eventually lead to world peace while neo-realists theorize that the forces driving the international system encourages all states to â€Å"look to their own self-interests and to prepare for war† (Linklater 2000, p. 833). Looked at from the liberalist theory of international relations the sources of conflict in the Middle East derive from the fact that the region is comprised of non-liberal or non-democratic regimes. Liberalists argue that â€Å"political systems externalize norms of behviour that characterize their domestic process and inst itutions† (Attar 2009, p. 97). Therefore, democratic political systems focus on â€Å"peace† and â€Å"compromise† (Attar 2009, p. 97). Non-democratic political systems on the other hand, focus on â€Å"the elimination or subjugation of political opponents and the forceful resolution of political conflict† (Attar 2009, p. 97). ... It is conceptualized that liberal states temper conflicts among the citizenry because it not only protects human rights, but encourages citizens to express discontent (Sorli 2001). However, it can be argued that non-liberal states can also temper conflict by suppressing citizens’ rights to express discontent (Sorli 2001). It therefore follows that the liberalist theory of international relations is not a satisfactory explanation for the source of conflict in the Middle East. The non-democratic regimes in the Middle East can just as easily contribute to peace as it can contribute to conflict. According to Maoz, Landau and Malz (2004), the neo-realists theory of international relations finds currency in the modern history of the Middle East. According to the neo-realist theory of international relations, states are driven by self-interests and power politics to such an extent that conflict regionally and/or globally is unavoidable. As Maoz et al (2004) argues, Arab states in the Middle East often express a â€Å"common heritage†, yet they may exhibit conduct and values that are inconsistent with that heritage. Egypt made an attempt to harmonize Arab heritage in the Middle East during the 1950s and 1960s and was frequently in conflict with Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Other attempts to harmonize the Arab Middle East such as the Baghdad Pact sponsored by the UK and the US also resulted in regional conflicts such as the Egyptian-Iraqi conflict during the 1950s (Maoz et al 2004). Power politics as espoused by neo-realist theories is also confirmed by Nasser’s attempt to circumvent and dismantle the monarchies in Arab and Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia and Jordan responded with hostility. As Maoz et al (2004) observed:

Hackers Tools and Techniques Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hackers Tools and Techniques - Term Paper Example Hackers gain access to vulnerabilities through tools such as malware and locate the backup of the system. PayPal is a web-based application which provides secure transfer of funds between members. It uses advanced fraud prevention technologies to enhance the security of the transactions (SearchSoa, 2005). Nevertheless, the members do receive spoof mails and unless the members are aware of such mails, they become easy prey to such hacking techniques. While it has become essential to keep tab on the professional hackers, the banks are facing huge losses due to constant evolvement of the hacking tools and techniques. The malicious hacker will use whatever information available to them. The security professionals, in turn, need to keep abreast of the latest hacking tools by monitoring certain websites of researchers (Skoudis, 2003). It is hence proposed to conduct a study into the hacking tools used by the hackers in the banking and financial services industry, with focus on PayPal. The study would also look into the security strategy employed by the sector and particularly by PayPal. SearchSecurity. (2009). Hacker attack techniques and tactics: Understanding hacking strategies. Retrieved September 8, 2010 from

The First Meditation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The First Meditation - Essay Example xperiences in order to decipher what is real and what is not and he theorises that the dreaming experiences he has been a manifestation of his waking experiences and that dreams cannot be formed without the latter. Descartes’ worry about not being able to distinguish between his waking and dreaming experiences can be a serious problem for scientific knowledge because there would be no means of making a distinction about what is true and what is false. The result of such a scenario is that a large number of scientific studies and thought, while being extremely popular in some schools, might turn out to be completely false. Moreover, the development of newer scientific theories would be much difficult since even the scientific thinkers will not be able to know whether their theories are based on reality or not. The result of Descartes’ worry would be that what are considered to be scientific facts might turn out to be the imagination of individuals and not based on realit y. Descartes speculates that perhaps an evil genius, or what he terms as a malignant demon, is the one who influences his dreams and makes him believe that what he sees in his dreams happened in reality. The evil genius works towards putting false images into his mind during his state of slumber and thus ensures that Descartes is unable to distinguish what is real from what is not and whether what he is dreaming actually took place in reality (Descartes 38). Therefore, Descartes is faced with two dilemmas, and one of these is whether life is based on foundations of falsehood and the other is whether life is influenced by an evil genius whose intention is to ensure that individuals are confused about reality and the dream experience. The result of these thoughts by Descartes is that he develops two different theories about reality and the foundation upon which it is built and whether there are other influences that might be at work in the formation of reality. The problem that is more d ifficult

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Discussion - Essay Example This philosophy requires that whatever one believes to be true or rational, must set aside while assuming the new opinion to be in provisional presumption. This not only helps the listener to put himself in the shoe of the speaker for the time being, but also helps him to get a clear picture of the speakers view. Moreover, this principle develops within a person the patience require to negate his personal attitudes and helps him to absorb a new concept, which might he has never come across. Interpretationism: Interpretation acts as a significant tool in the principle of charity and, is the process of evaluating attitudes to an individual on the basis of what he believes, says and does. Child (1996, p. 7) suggests that whenever we interpret someone, we actually aim to make attempt to sense of him by attributing beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, and other propositional attitudes in the light of which we try to predict his rational action to the extent where we feel to gain an understanding of the nature of his mental reflection. An interpretation conception to this principle revolves around the notion that no individual can claim to be perfectly rational. He is always ready to learn new ideas which means he is exposed to all sorts of local irrationality in thought and action to which he believes is rational, but in fact is not rational for the set of attitudes he possess are absolutely irrational. Thus, he creates a nexus between the propositional attitudes and the notion of rationality as one of the source of interpretationists principle of charity. Contradiction incurs when the listener has own set of premises and is not ready to consider any argument other than the one he hold. Through such attitude, the listener actually contradicts to believe in the other set of principles and is adamant to learn no new concept or approach. This deviates from the above discussed principle of prediction because

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Sociology - Essay Example We dint even bother about our luggage and the hotel people did all that to us and we just got to enter the room and relax. Since we knew English, it was easy for me to converse with the people over there. The only problem that I faced was the food and even that wasn’t an insurmountable problem because we always had different kinds of breads and egg and juices to fill our stomach when their dry preparations weren’t interesting enough for us. We went for site seeing and all with a tourist guide the night cruise in the Nile was simply fantabulous. We dint have problem washing our clothes because we were back to our room by 6 pm and we had enough time. My trip to Israel needs to be explained because that was the place where we saw ladies who were identical to the Virgin Mary. Their flawless skin and the glittering pink colour made me look at them without a wink. But one disappointment was that, when I was going through the shops along the way of the cross I bought some small memento like key chains and metal articles which were very expensive and only later I came to know that it wasn’t worth that amount. Then we left for Jordan and the greeneries and the flowers there impressed me a lot. The people all over the Middle East weren’t all the same in making us feel at

Independence Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Independence Day - Essay Example This paper discusses the history of the United States and the meanings attached to the Independence Day. On June 11 in the year 1976 a committee was appointed by congress to draft a declaration and the five committee members appointed included Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, Thomas Jefferson and Roger Sherman who presented this draft to the congress on 28th of the same month. Voting was undertaken on the first of July whereby each colony had a single vote, South Carolina and Pennsylvania voted against declaring independence, however the next day South Carolina reversed its decision. New York on the other hand did not vote because delegates lacked authority to vote, however authority was granted a week later, and therefore on July 2 the declaration for independence was passed however congress debated on the draft changing it and deleting some of its passages. On July 4 congress finished the wording and approved the Declaration of Independence and which is now celebrated as the Independence Day. Majority have the view that on 4th July the united states declared its impendence from British rule, there are various meanings attached to this day including a day which the united states ... The following is an analysis of the happening on and before July 4 1976. Independence: Many have the view that independence was achieved on the 4th of July, however the independence was achieved through a series of activities that led to the independence of the thirteen colonies in the united states. Many argue that on July 4 the United States declared independent but from the activities it is evident that colonies declared independent on the 2nd of July 1976. From history it is evident that there was a draft declaration of independence prepared by a committee selected by congress on the 28th of June. The draft declaration was tabled in parliament on the first of July, on this day a few states including South Carolina and Pennsylvania rejected the declaration while New York did not have the authority to vote. On the second of July voting was undertaken and South Carolina reversed its decision and there were a total of twelve votes that accepted the declaration and New York did not participate in the voting. For this reason therefore it is evident that the declaration of independence by colonized states was done on the 2nd of July where 12 states denounced colonial rule and declared independent from British rule. In the next two days congress edited the declaration deleting some of the contents of the draft including slavery and slave trade, the revised copy was made public on the 4th of July although many states and army commanders received the document days after. Signing of the Declaration of Independence: History have the view that the declaration of independent was signed on the 4th of July by congress, however it is clear that some did not sign the

Oneself Changes Essay Example for Free

Oneself Changes Essay God image’ is the subjective emotional experience of God. It is shaped by our experience of our parents and enables us to continue earlier learned relational patterns. The term, God Image is used to refer to one’s internal, intra-psychic, emotional representation of God. The God Image develops during childhood as the children are confronted with their limitations, and recognizes powers beyond their own work in their environment. This essay will focus on the ‘God image’ as it will be trying to explain ‘how Rizzuto show that as the image of one changes, so too, does one’s image of God change’. Before that, this paper will start by briefing a history of Rizzuto. Ana Maria-Rizzuto was an American psychoanalyst who began her interest in looking at Religion through the eyes of her discipline in 1963 when she was asked to teach a course in the seminary on the psychological foundations of belief. She was inspired by Freud’s insights into the role of parents in search of project with patients admitted to a private psychiatric hospital. Twenty patience were studied, ten men and ten women. The goal of her project was to study the possible origins of the individual’s private representation of God and its subsequent elaborations. Rizzuto took her basic hypothesis from Freud who had connected the individual’s ‘father in flesh’ with God. Freud claimed that all people create their own gods on the basis of early relationships shaped in childhood. In doing his project, Rizzuto had each one fill out detailed questionnaire and then she interviewed each to gain a comprehensive life history. In order to understand her subjects thoroughly, Rizzuto asked them to talk about themselves at the different stages of their growth, about their relationships, conflicts and problems. Her end goal was to be able to make a complex assessment and come to a clinical interpretation of the quality of each subject’s relationships in those private and subjective areas of experience which do not lend themselves easily to statistical analysis (Graham13-5). Rizzuto focused on the formation of an individual’s private representation of God during childhood, its modifications and uses during the entire course of life. She calls this process of formation the â€Å"Birth of the Living God†. As the image of one change, so, too does the one’s image of God change. Rizzuto says that the images and experiences from the earliest years, before oedipal struggles, seem to play a key role. The child alone does not create a God. According to Rizzuto, the development of a child throws light on the way the image and the concept of God come into being and interact. The new born baby has no interpersonal experience. The infant has the experience of the mother, the father and the siblings. The child has a multitude of interpersonal experiences. It is at age of three when the child becomes consciously curious about God. â€Å"A three year old oedipal child, for instance, has great curiosity and wants to know the why of living† (208). The child is especially interested in the causes of things like, ‘why do trees move? Where does the wind come from? The child ceaseless chaining of causes or animistic notions of causality will inevitably lead her/him to think of a superior being. The idea of God suits a child well because her parents and adult are already in her mind superior beings of great size and power. The child easily moves to an anthropomorphic understanding of God as a powerful being like her parents†(Rizzuto qtd in Winnicott 97) The child soon discovers that God is invisible; therefore, he is left to inner resources to fill the image of God as a living being described for him as a person. The powerful fantasy of the child has to ‘create’ the powerful being. As a result, as the image of o ne change, so, too does the one’s image of God changes. Also, an image of God can be created for a new human being through parental and societal devotion to God as like its parents. The child observes its parents and adults giving devotion to God. Since the child’s parents are like God to the child, the parent’s devotion to someone even greater than themselves is a mystery to the child. The parents and God then become associated and not clearly distinguished. The parents as objects become internalized, form the self and become symbolized by God image (Rizzuto qtd in Nelson 35). Horowitz writes, Rizzuto claims that, it is not known what psychic processes take place inside the child at that early age or the selective procedures that bring him/her to use one type of interpersonal experience and reject nother to form his/her image of God. What is known is that, the child has an image of God which he/she spontaneously uses in his/her questioning about him and in his own religious behavior? This early image may, to be sure undergo changes in later life. â€Å"This does not alter the fact that the child has formed his image of God out of interpersonal ex periences before he is intellectually mature enough to grasp the concept of God†( Horowitz 63). When the time comes for the child to receive formal religious teaching, his image of God and the concept of God will also change just as the image of one change (64). Furthermore, Rizzuto acknowledges the idea of Winnicot who says that, when a child grows and matures, he/she will come to his intermediate area of experience, which constitutes the greater part of infant’s experience, and â€Å"throughout life is retained in the intense experiencing that belongs to the arts and to religion and to imaginative and to creative scientific work† (14). At this stage, â€Å"instead of God losing meaning, his meaning becomes heightened by the oedipal experience and all other pre-genital events that have contributed to the reelaboration of his representational characteristics† (Rizzuto 178). Sometimes, however he may seem to lose meaning, paradoxically, on account of being rejected, ignored, and suppressed or found temporarily unnecessary. Lawrence broadened the understanding of what influences the development of the God Image in line with the idea of Rizzuto. It is now more commonly recognized that other relationships and experiences also impact the development of the God Image. One may again ask that, â€Å"Does young people who have not received any kind of religious education in general develop images of God? † This question can be answered with the findings of Rizzuto. She claims that in a very early age every child begins to form its image of God through parental messages about God. The image of God gets a clearer shape when the child begins to create so called fantasy companions, which help the child till adolescence to master inner conflicts. Amongst others, the fantasy companions can take over the role of a scapegoat, which allows the child to repulse negative impulses or they can help the child to strengthen their feelings of omnipotence or they can become caring companions of the lonely, neglected or rejected child (Lawrence 119 and Winnicot 140). Moreover, Rizzuto claims that even if a child is to be brought up in a religious or unreligious way, he/she will create God as a fantasy companion, whose existence is formed from his/her personal experience with parents and what he/she will learn about God in the environment he/she grows up in. he goes on to say that, nothing can be predicted on how the child will use the information which he/she gets about God. This means that no general statements can be made about the childlike image about God and its further development. For some children God may become very meaningful, for others God might have an evil, destructive character and for some he might not be of any importance at all. Nevertheless, the bottom line is that the as the image of a child or one changes, so, too, does the child’s or one’s image changes (Winnicott 143). Rizzuto agrees that Freud was basically correct in suggesting that God has his origins in parental imagos and that God comes to the child at the time of resolution of the oedipal crisis. That implies that all the children in Western world form a God representation- one that may later be used, neglected, or actively repressed. In all cases the type of representation the child has formed as a result of his personal experience with his self-perception. This is not because the God representation can exert any influence of its own but because the child actively uses his God representation and his transformations of it as an element in maintaining a minimum sense of relatedness and hope. Sometimes this is best archived by totally rejecting God; at other times ‘closeness’ to God offers a better solution (208). To sum up, Rizzuto tries to show that as the image of one change, so, too does the one’s image of God change. He does that by focusing on the development of a child. He writes that, the child create God image through experience and fantasy. Freud believes that only the father provides the imago for an ‘exaltation’ to Godhead but Rizzuto would then argue saying that it is either the father or the mother or both who helps in the formation of the God’s image in the child which can also affects his/her ideas and images of God later in life. Other primary objects like grandparents siblings may also provide some representational components. The entire representational process occurs in a wider context of the family, social class, organized religion and particular subcultures. All these experiences contribute a background to the shape, significance, potential use and meaning which the child or adult may bestow on their God representations.

Newspaper Synopsis Architect System

Newspaper Synopsis Architect System B. Brief description on project background. (.i.e. problem context, rationale, description of problem area, nature of challenge) Newspaper plays a major role in shaping public opinion during any incident. Newspaper provides information on politics, economics, art, culture and entertainment and in the current panorama of the media every newspaper organization is representing all significant news with a Graphical Synopsis, as it increase the readership of the newspaper organization and for doing so every time newspaper organization has to contact the graphical designer and they take a huge amount of money for creating the synopsis which bounds the newspaper organization and ultimately it results in the waste of resources for the newspaper organization. Moreover, Newspaper design is well known as a key factor in readership. Every article in the newspaper must be properly expressed and placed to give reader the joy of logical comprehension. The current era bursting with superior newspaper organizations facing each other and also with the potential readers with broad mind and great thoughts giving challenge to thos e organizations through their hunger to gain knowledge with demanding good presentation of the information. The presentation of the newspaper is very artistic job as it can burn up the minds of the crowd. The job in the current scenario is very complicated and essential. The designing procedure of any news paper is very hectic and time consuming job. Right from deciding the content of each page to the printing there is a huge labor and man power involved. The persons involved in designing procedure need to be taken care as they have a lot load and decisions to make about many things before publishing the news. The problem context above requires an integrated tool which can help the newspaper organization in generatin Graphical Scenes without including the graphical designers by utilizing resources inside the organization which will save there time and money. The tool will help in many ways and could turn out to be a revelation for the organizations and also for the employees. This is the core Information Technology task to transform the complicated work in to a simpler job and for pursuing this task I am proposing the newspaper designing tool Newspaper Synopsis Architect System. The tool is a complete package to assist newspaper designers in efficiently performing their job. Rationale: Because of the existence of the identified problems, there is a serious need for creating such a tool. BasicallyNewspaper Synopsis Architect System will be having two major modules. First one will be Synopsis Architect System which has library that will contain already designed graphics/scenarios based upon the crime which can be edited by the designer person such as a terrorist attack, a murder, a bank robbery, bomb blast, any type of serious accidents, etc. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System will be used to create graphical scenarios for such incidents. Moreover, there will be tools available like color picker, color fill, different shapes, adding text, adding picture, adding lines etc. that will help the person to edit and design the crime scenario/cartoons etc The second module of the system is Newspaper Architect System which will assemble the news and articles and help the news paper designers to generate the prototype ready to publish. The software would generate the prototype of the news paper and any computer literate can use the software to just fill in the news by browsing the contents. The designer can fill in the details as per the appropriate sections available within the software such as the front page, editorial page, sports page etc. The designer would also have the option to set priority to the news i.e. what will be the main headlines, which news is not of much importance etc. All the sections of the prototype will be editable providing the designer with the option of changing the priority and position of a particular headline anytime he/she wants thus making the software very flexible to use. The prototype generated will also have the option to include various advertisements. The positioning of the advertisement would be done by the tool itself based on the size and the news associated with it. There will also be an option to edit the visibility of the advertisement i.e. which advertisement must be highly visible so as to be placed as a header etc. The most distinct feature of the tool would be the use of templates. There will be ready made templates available within the software for special occasions like Hariraya, Diwali, Christmas, and Chinese New Year etc. The user will just have to choose a template from a list, fill in the details and the paper would be generated. The benefits gained from this project are: Tangible benefits: Newspaper organization will be able to create scenarios for all kind of incidents without any extra efforts. Role of the graphical designer becomes almost zero as anyone from the organization after a short training can use the tool and can create the scene very easily. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System Saves the resources of the organization in terms of time and money and effective use of the resources present in the organization It is a packaged integrated tool which can do the task of many different tools. The designer can also edit the previously saved scenarios and can save the scenario in various file formats such as JPEG, PNG, GIF, etc. This tool offers flexibility and extendibility- user build the scenario by selecting those templates that are relevant to their disciplines. The newspaper organizations would have the opportunity to generate the user acceptable designs to represent the news without wasting much resources and efforts. The placement of the news articles can be decided very easily as a simulated blank newspaper will be present for developing the design. The tool going to be developed will be very flexible, it will allow users to make the changes in the final design; users can add some important news by deleting or shifting some non essential news etc. The generated designs can be uploaded on the server to circulate among the organizations different departments and also on the website to launch an E-paper which exactly simulates the original newspaper for the internet readers and ultimately increasing the number of readers. The proposed system would be a tool to assist the design editors and subordinates to make their job simpler and effective and ultimately increasing the level of output for the organization. Provide templates that incorporate effective instructional strategies. Intangible benefits: The newspaper organizations using the tool obviously on better edge as compare to their competitors still doing the manual labor. The designs can be made one day advance and organizations can check out the feedback prior to publishing. Description of Problem Area: The major problems Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is going to address are: Newspaper provide information on politics, economics, art, culture and entertainment with a pictorial representation but in some cases it is not possible for them to arrange original photographs for some incidents which occurs at very remote places or the incident such as a terrorist attack, a murder, a bank robbery, bomb blast, any type of serious accidents, etc. Generally newspaper organization hires graphic designers for creating the graphical scenario which is the only choice for the newspaper persons for making the graphical scenario. The graphic designers take huge amount for creating the graphical scenario and also consume much time for creating a single scenario as they use different multimedia tools. For creating a single scene different tools are required such as for making the graphics CorelDraw is used then for giving effects in that graphics and producing backgrounds Photoshop is used. Previously created scenario cannot be reused as it cannot be edited. The Newspaper Synopsis Architect System will be the tool for making the newspapers; thus it needs to be full with all possible article designs (article templates). The Newspaper Synopsis Architect System will need to be complete in itself thus it need a very thorough understanding of the procedure of the news paper publication and also a good technical knowledge. To maintain the flexibility of the system it needs a proper guidance as news publication job and paper designing job is not much known to a non media person. The need is to create a suitable structure comprising of the appropriate components for making a good system. The framework is crucial as it could be used for different publications and brands as per the respective environments. The establishment of the framework will require in-depth understanding of some of the theories or concepts manifested in some technologies. For example theories of providing template require technologies such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) and its associated algorithms are essential to ensure highly reliable software. The current process of creating the scenarios is not so flexible. Target Audiences User is one of the main concerns on how and why a system is been developed, for this current system, the target users have been categorized into two types: The software is mainly focusing on the organization engaged in printing and publishing the news paper. It can also be used by organizations publishing monthly or yearly newsletters. Moreover it is introduced for the newspaper media persons for creating graphical synopsis for different types of incidents and also for creating cartoons required in there newspaper or magazines. On the other hand, the tool could also be used by general computer user for creating the scenario of any type of incident. Nature of challenge Newspaper Synopsis Architect System has challenges in all sorts of categories. The primary challenge is to propose an integrated system for creating Graphical scenarios for various incidents. Since the tool is the very first of its type, so making it very user friendly, interactive and attractive is also one of the challenges. The next developmental challenge is creating a major generalized library that will contain many types of graphics that will be suitable for creating graphical scenarios for any kind of incident. Giving various editable options to the graphics and representing the graphics in such a way that it will give the realistic view of the incident is another challenge. The challenge is to prove Individual templates for different type of typical scenario and for generating prototype, allowing the user to easily incorporate a variety of multimedia elements such as graphics, interactive questions, etc. The next challenge in building this system is to replace the conventional designing procedure which will employ better technologies to improve on the features of existing system of news paper designing. Providing a better system for complete prototyping before publishing, thorough research is needed. The challenge is to make an efficient algorithm for better utilization of the space available. Since the domain of the project is very new to me as all the procedures inside the newspaper organization is considered confidential and I need to learn about it before starting or even thinking about the technical aspects. C. Brief description of project objectives. (i.e. scope of proposal and deliverables) Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is a newspaper designing and content management tool and it is ought to wrap the trouble areas that I have opened in the preceding section. The system is being shaped to offer the newspaper producers with the glowing layout and integrated information so as to permit them to obtain proper output. Moreover the system can help in increasing the qualities of the product for the graphical designer, newspaper manufacturers and ultimately get the organization benefited. At the end of the project the deliverables are: Soft cover documentation of the system Hard cover documentation of the system A prototype of the system application on CD The Core Main Functionality of the system The main objective is to make full use of the resources and tools available, in order to come up with All-in-one scenario creator tool that meets the user or clients requirements and which is user friendly, interactive and attractive and gives graphical representations of information or Knowledge. To develop graphing software which represents the information in the form of lines, boxes, arrows, and various symbols and representing a concept, objects, activity, place or event by illustration. Tool that allows the user to create graphical synopsis which are used anywhere where complex information needs to be explained quickly and clearly, such as signs, maps, journalism and education and also used to show graphical scenario of the weather, as well as maps and site plans for newsworthy events, and graphs for statistical data. Individual templates need to be designed for different type of typical scenario and the template that allow the user to easily incorporate a variety of multimedia elements such as graphics, interactive questions, etc. the user would select the templates that apply to their discipline or particular case, and use them as building blocks to create an entire scenario. Instructional guidelines on how to develop the scenarios using the input tool and templates. The core idea is to build completely utilization of the assets and tools accessible, in order to approach a complete newspaper designing tool that assembles the user or clients necessities and also supplies a user friendly, interactive and attractive representation of information or Knowledge. To develop designing software that characterizes the information in the form which readers actually require. To make a software gadget that permits the newspaper designers to generate newspaper prototype ready to publish and also increasing the quality of journalism and education. Individual templates need to be designed for different type of news articles and the template that allow the client to effortlessly incorporate a variety of elements such as providing coloring, interactive data representation feature, etc. the designers just need to pick the templates that pertain to their discipline or choice, and use them as building blocks to create an entire prototype for the newspaper. To guide the designers on how to develop the newspaper prototype using the input tool, templates with applying the experts knowledge. Core functionalities included in the Newspaper Synopsis Architect System: Synopsis Architect System: Templates: This part of the system includes various types of Individual templates with different categories for creating different type of typical scenario and also include sample scenario of each category. Template Categories:- Crime Scenarios Terrorist attack Murders Bank robbery Bomb blast Hijack Accidents Entertainment Comics General Scenarios 3. Inbuilt library:- This part of the system includes a library that contains collection of stencils and different stencils include various graphics related to the incidents that generally occur in our day to day life. 4. Search Shapes: Search option provides powerful search capabilities to locate the right shape, located in the library. 5. Graphic Editing: User can edit the graphics as per his or her requirements with the editing options such as rotation handles for rotating the graphics, Selection handles for resizing graphics(can be resize to any extent), etc. 6. Add text to graphics: Although some drawings make a point all by themselves, its often helpful and sometimes necessary to add text to the shapes. Text can be added and related to the shapes easily. Newspaper Architect System: 7. Article Templates: This part of the system comprises a range of category in arranging articles of the news with particular template providing sample of each type. Example Article Template Categories:- Single column news with space for graphics space for picture Multiple column news with space for graphics space for picture space at left space at centre etc News with special watermarks 8. Toolbox: It will Includes various design generation tools like tables, color picker, different geometrical shapes, etc. that makes easy to design the newspaper that fulfills the user presentation and documents. 9. Image Generation: the prototype of the newspaper that will be designed by the designers will be saved as image format. FAQ and Help A long list of Frequently Asked Questions regarding the tool will be available for the both major module. A help file system is also included in case the user has problems using the system. Enhanced functions- Additional Features Synopsis Architect System: Making own library: User has the option to create their own library and can save the graphics created by them in the library and can also import images from outside into their library and can use the images while creating the scenario. File formats: Allows saving the scenario in different file formats such as JPEG, PNG, GIF, etc. Grid size and ruler measurements: Scale measurement is provided for scenario the scenario creation. Privacy: The system will provide a privacy option where the user can secure the scenario created by him/her, so that no other person can edit the scenario without the permission of the scenario creator owner. Sample Scenarios: Provides sample scenarios that are integrated with data to get ideas for creating your own scenarios, to realize how data provides more context for many diagram types, and to determine which template the user want to use. Sample video clips: User will be provided with sample video clips of how to design a scenario so that it becomes simpler for first time user for creating a scenario. Newspaper Architect System: The Tool would be a completely generalized one where all the functionalities will be according to the needs and environment of the organizations. Inbuilt library of Prototypes: This part of the system includes a library that contains collection of different generalized prototypes for the newspaper includes a variety of sample news articles placed at appropriate place. Special Features-Advanced Features: Synopsis Architect System: Toolbox Module: Includes various drawing tools like pencil, color picker, color fill, different shapes, etc. that makes easy to design new graphics that match the user presentation and documents. Email: Provides the facility of emailing the scenario directly. Customizability The system will enable a certain level of customizability, for example, while writing the text in the scenario, user can choose English (Malay alphabets included), Chinese, Tamil and Hindi as per requirement. Newspaper Architect System: The Newspaper Architect System would offer for the backup of the server data so that the collated data can be used in future and also this would help in building tenable software. The companies can amalgamate their own prototype of the newspaper from the available options and can save it for regular use. The designers would be able to upload the common pages of the generated prototype of the newspaper on the web server so as it can be distributed to the different branches of the news publications easily. It will be very flexible system as it provides the option to edit the generated prototypes and customize as per the need. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is thought to be a generalized software tool and to permit maximum customization of the features according to the needs of the newspaper organizations need is the main objective of the system. Limitations of the scope: For this Synopsis Architect System tool, parameters are set to limit the scope of the project only for the solutions and functions mentioned above, in other words, functions which are not listed above will not be implemented or included in the system, it is to be reminded that these possible features or functions will also not be included in the system as well: System is not platform independent, as I am choosing .Net as the programming language for my system so it can be run only on the system with windows as the operating system. Newspaper Architect System is a newspaper designing tool and the libraries of templates I will create not necessarily considered to be complete as the articles of the newspaper are very much dynamic in nature. Newspaper Architect System is just a designing assistance tool and it wont be able to create the prototypes dynamically; it needs someone to use it and integrate his human knowledge with its theory based principles of designing. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is thought to be a software system of its own and when the tool would be used by the organizations there would be no means to assimilate the system with any other system being utilized by the organization. Though, the newspapers organizations can have their own software or system to use the composed designs for other applications. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System wont supply for this requirement. Other learning objectives: Synopsis Architect System is the very first of its type, so by doing this project I will have to research for various other graphic designing related domains and doing this would be a benefit for me in the future. Till now I was just using the various designing tools but now my task is to develop a tool that should be user friendly, interactive and attractive and that will be a great opportunity and a good learning experience for me. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System encompasses a distinctive sphere i.e. News Presentation and Publication; by doing this project I will have to explore for this sphere and this would supply me a prospect to discover and investigate the Publication Medias news representation policies and this would be an advantage for me in the future. Developing library based systems is not new to me but bearing in mind the generalization need of the system, I will have an occasion to discover the issues permitting me to explore the potential of this area. The tool being projected is to have a bunch of features of a variety of classes such as templates and various color schemes, default prototypes and so on. To incorporate these features together into a system is going to be a good learning experience. I believe that this project could be built with the .net framework and to learn and tap the vast prospective of this expertise would compose me more rationalized and resourceful professional. D. Brief description of the resources needed by the proposal.(i.e. hardware, software, access to information / expertise, user involvement etc.) Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is being anticipated as a Library based system and in addition its domain is practically distinctive and dissimilar for a computer science student and thus I would require a lot of study and understand the domain. For the development of this tool I will need to meet people from a variety of backgrounds and fields. The planned system is paying attention on the implementation of IT to reduce the job complexity of the printing media and thus I require to have a comprehensible perceptive of both the fields. In order to understand the graphical designing, printing policies and principles of the media, I am planning to interrogate the news editors and designers. These interviews would be paying attention at discovering how IT can be used to assist the experienced design editors talent and moreover how can I reduce the complexity with enumerating the job efficiency with accuracy and precision. To recognize the potential and the expectations of the educational institute from the proposed system, I am planning to interview some of the students and lecturers involved in publication of the college news letter. I would like to discover suitable information via the data gathering techniques such as questionnaire and Interview. Hardware Requirements: Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack (SP) 2 or later or Microsoft Windows Server 2003 (or higher) required 500 megahertz (MHz) processor or higher 512 megabyte (MB) RAM or higher CD-ROM: 52X CD-Rewritable drive DVD-ROM: 8X DVD drive Minimum 800600; 1024768 monitor resolution or higher recommended Keyboard and Mouse Software Requirements: In order to carry out the development of this project, many software are needed, these include Microsoft Windows XP, which shall be the operating system for the project to be developed; authoring tools such as Adobe Photoshop, visual studio.net 2005 and Macromedia Flash will also be needed in order to come up with the interactive user interface and objects. List of software required for the project: Net framework visual studio.net 2005 crystal reports(built in with visual studio.net 2005) CSS(Cascading Style Sheet) OS-Microsoft Windows XP professional. Microsoft Expression studio. Adobe Photoshop 7.0 Macromedia Flash 8.0 Corel Draw 11 Access to Information and Expertise Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is the very first of its type, so for developing it I need to do a lot of research. In order to gather the sufficient and necessary information prior to the project, some resources will be needed, these resources may be people from different backgrounds, or reference books. In terms of gathering information from people and expertise of that particular area, face to face interviews and questionnaires are both sufficient methods. Because of that, certain people to be interviewed are: Lecturers Lecturers obtain deeper understanding towards specific technical areas in terms of computing or design, interviewing specific lecturers who specialize in specific areas can be beneficial to the project. Media persons: Since the project is mainly developed for the newspaper persons, so a face to face interview with the newspaper persons who are concern with the graphic designing and printing publication in the organization would also provide me a better insight of the of the requirements for this tool and also gather more detailed information. User Involvement User involvement is the key concept in the development of useful and usable systems and has positive effects on system success and user satisfaction. To reduce the software project failure user involvement is must. The users involved are also the one that test the system, and gives evaluations. Following are the users involved: Supervisor Media persons Graphic designers Printing Publication persons Lecturers Friends or Course mates The other information or the data sets required: The industry principles are to be identified in advance to build up the application according to the standards for the designing of the newspaper. But I am not up to snuff to do so the application would fail in various environments which are definitely disagreeable. The different cyber regulations and commitments are to be recognized as the system has to deal with the newspaper presentation for the crowd so a dignity should be maintained. For the organizations whose staff I would interrogate, I would oblige their current designing techniques and formula and I may and may not use them for my project. E. Academic research being carried out and other information, techniques being learnt.(i.e. what are the names of books you are going to read / data sets you are going to use) In concerning about Newspaper Synopsis Architect System, research is much important for the system and thorough the research is, more are the probability of development of a practical and satisfactory application. The project has diversity of supplies and I would need support on various topics and from all kinds of the resources. I have to comprehend and discover the newspaper designing policies for enhanced understanding of the project. I necessitate gaining knowledge of the project management and software engineering techniques for supervision and construction the project in a accurate and corrective manner. I too have to discover the concepts and principles of the engineering. After having established what I need to know by defining the scope of what I need to find out and my research plan by determining how I can get the information, I must conduct my research now. Academic Research: The project requires a good understanding of the graphics designing and generating prototyping as the system contains an inbuilt library which will be th Newspaper Synopsis Architect System Newspaper Synopsis Architect System B. Brief description on project background. (.i.e. problem context, rationale, description of problem area, nature of challenge) Newspaper plays a major role in shaping public opinion during any incident. Newspaper provides information on politics, economics, art, culture and entertainment and in the current panorama of the media every newspaper organization is representing all significant news with a Graphical Synopsis, as it increase the readership of the newspaper organization and for doing so every time newspaper organization has to contact the graphical designer and they take a huge amount of money for creating the synopsis which bounds the newspaper organization and ultimately it results in the waste of resources for the newspaper organization. Moreover, Newspaper design is well known as a key factor in readership. Every article in the newspaper must be properly expressed and placed to give reader the joy of logical comprehension. The current era bursting with superior newspaper organizations facing each other and also with the potential readers with broad mind and great thoughts giving challenge to thos e organizations through their hunger to gain knowledge with demanding good presentation of the information. The presentation of the newspaper is very artistic job as it can burn up the minds of the crowd. The job in the current scenario is very complicated and essential. The designing procedure of any news paper is very hectic and time consuming job. Right from deciding the content of each page to the printing there is a huge labor and man power involved. The persons involved in designing procedure need to be taken care as they have a lot load and decisions to make about many things before publishing the news. The problem context above requires an integrated tool which can help the newspaper organization in generatin Graphical Scenes without including the graphical designers by utilizing resources inside the organization which will save there time and money. The tool will help in many ways and could turn out to be a revelation for the organizations and also for the employees. This is the core Information Technology task to transform the complicated work in to a simpler job and for pursuing this task I am proposing the newspaper designing tool Newspaper Synopsis Architect System. The tool is a complete package to assist newspaper designers in efficiently performing their job. Rationale: Because of the existence of the identified problems, there is a serious need for creating such a tool. BasicallyNewspaper Synopsis Architect System will be having two major modules. First one will be Synopsis Architect System which has library that will contain already designed graphics/scenarios based upon the crime which can be edited by the designer person such as a terrorist attack, a murder, a bank robbery, bomb blast, any type of serious accidents, etc. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System will be used to create graphical scenarios for such incidents. Moreover, there will be tools available like color picker, color fill, different shapes, adding text, adding picture, adding lines etc. that will help the person to edit and design the crime scenario/cartoons etc The second module of the system is Newspaper Architect System which will assemble the news and articles and help the news paper designers to generate the prototype ready to publish. The software would generate the prototype of the news paper and any computer literate can use the software to just fill in the news by browsing the contents. The designer can fill in the details as per the appropriate sections available within the software such as the front page, editorial page, sports page etc. The designer would also have the option to set priority to the news i.e. what will be the main headlines, which news is not of much importance etc. All the sections of the prototype will be editable providing the designer with the option of changing the priority and position of a particular headline anytime he/she wants thus making the software very flexible to use. The prototype generated will also have the option to include various advertisements. The positioning of the advertisement would be done by the tool itself based on the size and the news associated with it. There will also be an option to edit the visibility of the advertisement i.e. which advertisement must be highly visible so as to be placed as a header etc. The most distinct feature of the tool would be the use of templates. There will be ready made templates available within the software for special occasions like Hariraya, Diwali, Christmas, and Chinese New Year etc. The user will just have to choose a template from a list, fill in the details and the paper would be generated. The benefits gained from this project are: Tangible benefits: Newspaper organization will be able to create scenarios for all kind of incidents without any extra efforts. Role of the graphical designer becomes almost zero as anyone from the organization after a short training can use the tool and can create the scene very easily. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System Saves the resources of the organization in terms of time and money and effective use of the resources present in the organization It is a packaged integrated tool which can do the task of many different tools. The designer can also edit the previously saved scenarios and can save the scenario in various file formats such as JPEG, PNG, GIF, etc. This tool offers flexibility and extendibility- user build the scenario by selecting those templates that are relevant to their disciplines. The newspaper organizations would have the opportunity to generate the user acceptable designs to represent the news without wasting much resources and efforts. The placement of the news articles can be decided very easily as a simulated blank newspaper will be present for developing the design. The tool going to be developed will be very flexible, it will allow users to make the changes in the final design; users can add some important news by deleting or shifting some non essential news etc. The generated designs can be uploaded on the server to circulate among the organizations different departments and also on the website to launch an E-paper which exactly simulates the original newspaper for the internet readers and ultimately increasing the number of readers. The proposed system would be a tool to assist the design editors and subordinates to make their job simpler and effective and ultimately increasing the level of output for the organization. Provide templates that incorporate effective instructional strategies. Intangible benefits: The newspaper organizations using the tool obviously on better edge as compare to their competitors still doing the manual labor. The designs can be made one day advance and organizations can check out the feedback prior to publishing. Description of Problem Area: The major problems Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is going to address are: Newspaper provide information on politics, economics, art, culture and entertainment with a pictorial representation but in some cases it is not possible for them to arrange original photographs for some incidents which occurs at very remote places or the incident such as a terrorist attack, a murder, a bank robbery, bomb blast, any type of serious accidents, etc. Generally newspaper organization hires graphic designers for creating the graphical scenario which is the only choice for the newspaper persons for making the graphical scenario. The graphic designers take huge amount for creating the graphical scenario and also consume much time for creating a single scenario as they use different multimedia tools. For creating a single scene different tools are required such as for making the graphics CorelDraw is used then for giving effects in that graphics and producing backgrounds Photoshop is used. Previously created scenario cannot be reused as it cannot be edited. The Newspaper Synopsis Architect System will be the tool for making the newspapers; thus it needs to be full with all possible article designs (article templates). The Newspaper Synopsis Architect System will need to be complete in itself thus it need a very thorough understanding of the procedure of the news paper publication and also a good technical knowledge. To maintain the flexibility of the system it needs a proper guidance as news publication job and paper designing job is not much known to a non media person. The need is to create a suitable structure comprising of the appropriate components for making a good system. The framework is crucial as it could be used for different publications and brands as per the respective environments. The establishment of the framework will require in-depth understanding of some of the theories or concepts manifested in some technologies. For example theories of providing template require technologies such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) and its associated algorithms are essential to ensure highly reliable software. The current process of creating the scenarios is not so flexible. Target Audiences User is one of the main concerns on how and why a system is been developed, for this current system, the target users have been categorized into two types: The software is mainly focusing on the organization engaged in printing and publishing the news paper. It can also be used by organizations publishing monthly or yearly newsletters. Moreover it is introduced for the newspaper media persons for creating graphical synopsis for different types of incidents and also for creating cartoons required in there newspaper or magazines. On the other hand, the tool could also be used by general computer user for creating the scenario of any type of incident. Nature of challenge Newspaper Synopsis Architect System has challenges in all sorts of categories. The primary challenge is to propose an integrated system for creating Graphical scenarios for various incidents. Since the tool is the very first of its type, so making it very user friendly, interactive and attractive is also one of the challenges. The next developmental challenge is creating a major generalized library that will contain many types of graphics that will be suitable for creating graphical scenarios for any kind of incident. Giving various editable options to the graphics and representing the graphics in such a way that it will give the realistic view of the incident is another challenge. The challenge is to prove Individual templates for different type of typical scenario and for generating prototype, allowing the user to easily incorporate a variety of multimedia elements such as graphics, interactive questions, etc. The next challenge in building this system is to replace the conventional designing procedure which will employ better technologies to improve on the features of existing system of news paper designing. Providing a better system for complete prototyping before publishing, thorough research is needed. The challenge is to make an efficient algorithm for better utilization of the space available. Since the domain of the project is very new to me as all the procedures inside the newspaper organization is considered confidential and I need to learn about it before starting or even thinking about the technical aspects. C. Brief description of project objectives. (i.e. scope of proposal and deliverables) Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is a newspaper designing and content management tool and it is ought to wrap the trouble areas that I have opened in the preceding section. The system is being shaped to offer the newspaper producers with the glowing layout and integrated information so as to permit them to obtain proper output. Moreover the system can help in increasing the qualities of the product for the graphical designer, newspaper manufacturers and ultimately get the organization benefited. At the end of the project the deliverables are: Soft cover documentation of the system Hard cover documentation of the system A prototype of the system application on CD The Core Main Functionality of the system The main objective is to make full use of the resources and tools available, in order to come up with All-in-one scenario creator tool that meets the user or clients requirements and which is user friendly, interactive and attractive and gives graphical representations of information or Knowledge. To develop graphing software which represents the information in the form of lines, boxes, arrows, and various symbols and representing a concept, objects, activity, place or event by illustration. Tool that allows the user to create graphical synopsis which are used anywhere where complex information needs to be explained quickly and clearly, such as signs, maps, journalism and education and also used to show graphical scenario of the weather, as well as maps and site plans for newsworthy events, and graphs for statistical data. Individual templates need to be designed for different type of typical scenario and the template that allow the user to easily incorporate a variety of multimedia elements such as graphics, interactive questions, etc. the user would select the templates that apply to their discipline or particular case, and use them as building blocks to create an entire scenario. Instructional guidelines on how to develop the scenarios using the input tool and templates. The core idea is to build completely utilization of the assets and tools accessible, in order to approach a complete newspaper designing tool that assembles the user or clients necessities and also supplies a user friendly, interactive and attractive representation of information or Knowledge. To develop designing software that characterizes the information in the form which readers actually require. To make a software gadget that permits the newspaper designers to generate newspaper prototype ready to publish and also increasing the quality of journalism and education. Individual templates need to be designed for different type of news articles and the template that allow the client to effortlessly incorporate a variety of elements such as providing coloring, interactive data representation feature, etc. the designers just need to pick the templates that pertain to their discipline or choice, and use them as building blocks to create an entire prototype for the newspaper. To guide the designers on how to develop the newspaper prototype using the input tool, templates with applying the experts knowledge. Core functionalities included in the Newspaper Synopsis Architect System: Synopsis Architect System: Templates: This part of the system includes various types of Individual templates with different categories for creating different type of typical scenario and also include sample scenario of each category. Template Categories:- Crime Scenarios Terrorist attack Murders Bank robbery Bomb blast Hijack Accidents Entertainment Comics General Scenarios 3. Inbuilt library:- This part of the system includes a library that contains collection of stencils and different stencils include various graphics related to the incidents that generally occur in our day to day life. 4. Search Shapes: Search option provides powerful search capabilities to locate the right shape, located in the library. 5. Graphic Editing: User can edit the graphics as per his or her requirements with the editing options such as rotation handles for rotating the graphics, Selection handles for resizing graphics(can be resize to any extent), etc. 6. Add text to graphics: Although some drawings make a point all by themselves, its often helpful and sometimes necessary to add text to the shapes. Text can be added and related to the shapes easily. Newspaper Architect System: 7. Article Templates: This part of the system comprises a range of category in arranging articles of the news with particular template providing sample of each type. Example Article Template Categories:- Single column news with space for graphics space for picture Multiple column news with space for graphics space for picture space at left space at centre etc News with special watermarks 8. Toolbox: It will Includes various design generation tools like tables, color picker, different geometrical shapes, etc. that makes easy to design the newspaper that fulfills the user presentation and documents. 9. Image Generation: the prototype of the newspaper that will be designed by the designers will be saved as image format. FAQ and Help A long list of Frequently Asked Questions regarding the tool will be available for the both major module. A help file system is also included in case the user has problems using the system. Enhanced functions- Additional Features Synopsis Architect System: Making own library: User has the option to create their own library and can save the graphics created by them in the library and can also import images from outside into their library and can use the images while creating the scenario. File formats: Allows saving the scenario in different file formats such as JPEG, PNG, GIF, etc. Grid size and ruler measurements: Scale measurement is provided for scenario the scenario creation. Privacy: The system will provide a privacy option where the user can secure the scenario created by him/her, so that no other person can edit the scenario without the permission of the scenario creator owner. Sample Scenarios: Provides sample scenarios that are integrated with data to get ideas for creating your own scenarios, to realize how data provides more context for many diagram types, and to determine which template the user want to use. Sample video clips: User will be provided with sample video clips of how to design a scenario so that it becomes simpler for first time user for creating a scenario. Newspaper Architect System: The Tool would be a completely generalized one where all the functionalities will be according to the needs and environment of the organizations. Inbuilt library of Prototypes: This part of the system includes a library that contains collection of different generalized prototypes for the newspaper includes a variety of sample news articles placed at appropriate place. Special Features-Advanced Features: Synopsis Architect System: Toolbox Module: Includes various drawing tools like pencil, color picker, color fill, different shapes, etc. that makes easy to design new graphics that match the user presentation and documents. Email: Provides the facility of emailing the scenario directly. Customizability The system will enable a certain level of customizability, for example, while writing the text in the scenario, user can choose English (Malay alphabets included), Chinese, Tamil and Hindi as per requirement. Newspaper Architect System: The Newspaper Architect System would offer for the backup of the server data so that the collated data can be used in future and also this would help in building tenable software. The companies can amalgamate their own prototype of the newspaper from the available options and can save it for regular use. The designers would be able to upload the common pages of the generated prototype of the newspaper on the web server so as it can be distributed to the different branches of the news publications easily. It will be very flexible system as it provides the option to edit the generated prototypes and customize as per the need. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is thought to be a generalized software tool and to permit maximum customization of the features according to the needs of the newspaper organizations need is the main objective of the system. Limitations of the scope: For this Synopsis Architect System tool, parameters are set to limit the scope of the project only for the solutions and functions mentioned above, in other words, functions which are not listed above will not be implemented or included in the system, it is to be reminded that these possible features or functions will also not be included in the system as well: System is not platform independent, as I am choosing .Net as the programming language for my system so it can be run only on the system with windows as the operating system. Newspaper Architect System is a newspaper designing tool and the libraries of templates I will create not necessarily considered to be complete as the articles of the newspaper are very much dynamic in nature. Newspaper Architect System is just a designing assistance tool and it wont be able to create the prototypes dynamically; it needs someone to use it and integrate his human knowledge with its theory based principles of designing. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is thought to be a software system of its own and when the tool would be used by the organizations there would be no means to assimilate the system with any other system being utilized by the organization. Though, the newspapers organizations can have their own software or system to use the composed designs for other applications. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System wont supply for this requirement. Other learning objectives: Synopsis Architect System is the very first of its type, so by doing this project I will have to research for various other graphic designing related domains and doing this would be a benefit for me in the future. Till now I was just using the various designing tools but now my task is to develop a tool that should be user friendly, interactive and attractive and that will be a great opportunity and a good learning experience for me. Newspaper Synopsis Architect System encompasses a distinctive sphere i.e. News Presentation and Publication; by doing this project I will have to explore for this sphere and this would supply me a prospect to discover and investigate the Publication Medias news representation policies and this would be an advantage for me in the future. Developing library based systems is not new to me but bearing in mind the generalization need of the system, I will have an occasion to discover the issues permitting me to explore the potential of this area. The tool being projected is to have a bunch of features of a variety of classes such as templates and various color schemes, default prototypes and so on. To incorporate these features together into a system is going to be a good learning experience. I believe that this project could be built with the .net framework and to learn and tap the vast prospective of this expertise would compose me more rationalized and resourceful professional. D. Brief description of the resources needed by the proposal.(i.e. hardware, software, access to information / expertise, user involvement etc.) Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is being anticipated as a Library based system and in addition its domain is practically distinctive and dissimilar for a computer science student and thus I would require a lot of study and understand the domain. For the development of this tool I will need to meet people from a variety of backgrounds and fields. The planned system is paying attention on the implementation of IT to reduce the job complexity of the printing media and thus I require to have a comprehensible perceptive of both the fields. In order to understand the graphical designing, printing policies and principles of the media, I am planning to interrogate the news editors and designers. These interviews would be paying attention at discovering how IT can be used to assist the experienced design editors talent and moreover how can I reduce the complexity with enumerating the job efficiency with accuracy and precision. To recognize the potential and the expectations of the educational institute from the proposed system, I am planning to interview some of the students and lecturers involved in publication of the college news letter. I would like to discover suitable information via the data gathering techniques such as questionnaire and Interview. Hardware Requirements: Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack (SP) 2 or later or Microsoft Windows Server 2003 (or higher) required 500 megahertz (MHz) processor or higher 512 megabyte (MB) RAM or higher CD-ROM: 52X CD-Rewritable drive DVD-ROM: 8X DVD drive Minimum 800600; 1024768 monitor resolution or higher recommended Keyboard and Mouse Software Requirements: In order to carry out the development of this project, many software are needed, these include Microsoft Windows XP, which shall be the operating system for the project to be developed; authoring tools such as Adobe Photoshop, visual studio.net 2005 and Macromedia Flash will also be needed in order to come up with the interactive user interface and objects. List of software required for the project: Net framework visual studio.net 2005 crystal reports(built in with visual studio.net 2005) CSS(Cascading Style Sheet) OS-Microsoft Windows XP professional. Microsoft Expression studio. Adobe Photoshop 7.0 Macromedia Flash 8.0 Corel Draw 11 Access to Information and Expertise Newspaper Synopsis Architect System is the very first of its type, so for developing it I need to do a lot of research. In order to gather the sufficient and necessary information prior to the project, some resources will be needed, these resources may be people from different backgrounds, or reference books. In terms of gathering information from people and expertise of that particular area, face to face interviews and questionnaires are both sufficient methods. Because of that, certain people to be interviewed are: Lecturers Lecturers obtain deeper understanding towards specific technical areas in terms of computing or design, interviewing specific lecturers who specialize in specific areas can be beneficial to the project. Media persons: Since the project is mainly developed for the newspaper persons, so a face to face interview with the newspaper persons who are concern with the graphic designing and printing publication in the organization would also provide me a better insight of the of the requirements for this tool and also gather more detailed information. User Involvement User involvement is the key concept in the development of useful and usable systems and has positive effects on system success and user satisfaction. To reduce the software project failure user involvement is must. The users involved are also the one that test the system, and gives evaluations. Following are the users involved: Supervisor Media persons Graphic designers Printing Publication persons Lecturers Friends or Course mates The other information or the data sets required: The industry principles are to be identified in advance to build up the application according to the standards for the designing of the newspaper. But I am not up to snuff to do so the application would fail in various environments which are definitely disagreeable. The different cyber regulations and commitments are to be recognized as the system has to deal with the newspaper presentation for the crowd so a dignity should be maintained. For the organizations whose staff I would interrogate, I would oblige their current designing techniques and formula and I may and may not use them for my project. E. Academic research being carried out and other information, techniques being learnt.(i.e. what are the names of books you are going to read / data sets you are going to use) In concerning about Newspaper Synopsis Architect System, research is much important for the system and thorough the research is, more are the probability of development of a practical and satisfactory application. The project has diversity of supplies and I would need support on various topics and from all kinds of the resources. I have to comprehend and discover the newspaper designing policies for enhanced understanding of the project. I necessitate gaining knowledge of the project management and software engineering techniques for supervision and construction the project in a accurate and corrective manner. I too have to discover the concepts and principles of the engineering. After having established what I need to know by defining the scope of what I need to find out and my research plan by determining how I can get the information, I must conduct my research now. Academic Research: The project requires a good understanding of the graphics designing and generating prototyping as the system contains an inbuilt library which will be th

History of Indian National Congress

History of Indian National Congress INTRODUCTION Development of the Indian economy through Labour legislations: an examination on how the Indian National Congress developed Indian economy by Labour legislations. This proposal outlines the research I intend to undertake to complete the requirements of LLM. INTRODUCTION History of Indian National Congress Party:- Before discussing about the economic developments brought by legislations of Indian National Congress Party in India, there should be a fair idea about Indian National Congress Party. The foundation of The Indian National Congress was laid on 28th December 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay with only 72 delegates attending the event. Allan Octavian Hume a prominent Englishman and civil servant then in India assumed office as general secretary and Womesh Chandra banerjee of Calcutta was elected president. Two other British members (both Scottish civil servants )were members of the founding group. Primarily The Indian National Congress aimed at inculcating a feeling of National unity and eradicating differences arising out of race, creed and provisional prejudices. Moreover finding solution to the social problems of the country and seek the co-operation of all Indians in this doing and allow all to take part in the countrys administrative affairs. Then at the beginning The Indian National Congress Party had a dominance of prominent Hindu leaders which led to a negative notion amongst the prominent Muslim citizens of the country. Moreover the ordinary population of India was not at all concerned about the organization. Any issue addressed, may it be the social oppression or the prejudiced negligence of the peoples concerns by British Authority, lack of health care and poverty, was not heard and The Indian National Congress Party was perceived as an institution of then educated and wealthy people. But it did not take Congress long to gain popularity. The members of The Indian National Congress understood the need to have a voice in the ruling British Government without which no changes can be brought about by the party. Among the very early members who understood the need and embraced the idea of Swaraj were Lokmanya tilak and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. There was an emergent need of voice in the government and this nationalist sentiment of being a part and representing the government bodies was personified by a prominent member Dadabhai Naoroji who successfully contested an election to the British House of Commons, thus becoming the eldest Indian statesman. He was aided in this election campaign by aspiring young students of India like Muhammad Ali Jinnah who later became the first prime minister of Pakistan. The Indian national Congress played the most important role under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in the liberation of India from the British rule. The Indian National Congres s acted as the main platform for the National Freedom Struggle, beard the torch for secular politics and unified the divergent forces in the country. The Indian National Congress also laid the foundation for national parliamentary democracy. On 15th August, 1947 India became independent with the Indian National Congress Supreme at center and in all state legislatures. Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister of India who described independence for the country to be freedom for her people. India under his leadership eventually emerged as the exemplar for all humanity with unity based on the celebration of diversity. From the very beginning of its independent existence, Indian government was reeling with poverty problem, rising unorganized labour sectors, rural illiteracy, extreme lack of infrastructure and basic amenities. While the main organized force behind making the Indian National Congress successful was the working class, distinctly. The historic dimensions of labour and employee legislations date back to the times of Indian freedom movement, when the Indian National Congress focused on the poor state of the labour class under the British rule. The struggle for freedom of India was mainly supported b y civil disobedience which meant that no worker would work inflicting loss to the British Government. Background of labour legislation by the Indian National Congress in India After Independence, naturally, the labouring class of India kept high hopes from the Indian National Congress and wanted much preference. But the early prime ministers of India representing the Indian National Congress were unable to recognize this fact which led to rise to unpopularity among them. When Indira Gandhi was elected prime minister of India from the Indian National Congress, she recognized the issue and galvanized the party with a slogan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Garibi Hataoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This established an integral and dynamic link with the downtrodden, poorest of the poor and the underprivileged giving impetus to economic growth, social justice and combined industrialization with technological development, agriculture and self reliance. This era can be marked in the history of the India by significant labour legislations to cope up with the growing industrialization in the country. The primary employee of an industry is its labour force. The labour force in India migrated from the rural areas to the urban areas and was classified as arrogant, illiterate, uncontrollable, undisciplined, untrained and unskilled; this assessment was made on the organized labour which constituted only 8% of the countrys total labour force. The rest fell under the category of unorganized sector who were not totally taken care of. The then Indian employee legislation, oriented to the safeguarding of employees and protecting them against all exploitation. These government controlled legislation were bannered under labour commissioners, labour officer conciliation, inspectorates, enforcement officers and others. The Indian National Congress also aimed by these legislations to the grooming of employees by industrial training. On the contrary, it was natural on the part of the Indian employer to extend his arms towards maximum profits, who invested money, in setting up and running an organization, through their own sources or by joint venture or by loans from different financial institution. This resulted in the exploitation of human resource and reduced quality of production under the wrong notion of more production at low cost. Simultaneously, the employers were surrounded by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Yes Sirà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? officers who were unable to give proper advice when a crisis emerged. All the managers namely labour, personal or the human resource managers were ill-equipped to achieve industrial harmony and peace or industrial democracy. The executives thus needed urgent training in labour legislations, sociology, psychology etc. The trade unions, a necessary evil, stood as a headache for the gove rnment. The trade union movement dates back to the pre independent era in India and is still a ripe and proper source for the working class to get themselves heard by the authorities and government. The Indian National Congress tried its level best to codify the labour laws. To guarantee protection and social security to the labouring class the Indian National Congress led government enacted several labour laws, such as:- The Factories Act of 1948 The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 The Minimum Wages Act. The Employees Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 The Payment of Bonus Act,1965 The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1962 Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 Each and every Act above listed had specific purposes. THE NEED AND PURPOSE OF THE WORK Though the reformatory labour legislations by the Indian National Congress have brought forward economic boom in India. The main purpose of it was to secure the interests and well being of the labour class and encourage more people to work in industries hence promoting speedy industrialization of the nation. Over the years, the main agenda and purpose behind those legislations have lost their significance. The labour legislations have significantly shown parallel dimensions, one detrimental another betterment and advancement of lives of the working class along with the socio-economic condition of the country respectively. A review on Indian labour laws consisting rights of labours is urgently needed, particularly keeping in mind the growth of industry and services. The most important issues which were identified over the years in the area of labour reforms are multiple and parallel labour legislations, issues relating to appropriate government and jurisdictions, multiplicity of authorities, lack of uniformity in definition, minimum wages and malicious inspection reports. There also are some loopholes in legislations on recently evolved industry times like the SEZs. In the recent years it has been witnessed that the ruling government i.e. the Indian National Congress party is losing its tracks of labour welfare and drifting towards globalization of the economy, whilst the working class is getting exploited as new scopes of legislations are evolving which have less or no governing labour legislations to facilitate them. This work will investigate the problems encountered by the different sectors of the labouring class, the discrepancies in labour legislations and try to find solution to the emerging problems and loop holes in the legislations. This research will provide a rigorous analysis of the available academic literature, government commission reports and legal reviews combined with primary research into the ways the legal legislations in India brought forward national economic growth and how can this growth be made sustainable by correcting the flaws and loopholes in the legislation of labour laws, making them at par with the present boom in economy and national industrial growth. AIM à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a critical evaluation on the development of Indian economy through labour legislations by the Indian National Congress party.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? OBJECTIVES A critical investigation on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party. A critical analysis of the impact of the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations on the Indian economy. Present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations. LITERATURE REVIEW à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A nation may do without its millionaires and without its capitalists, but a nation can never do without its labourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?- (Mahatma Gandhi) India is a federal republic. Constitutionally she is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sovereign secular democratic republicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In the eighteenth century, while under British rule, India was not only a great agricultural country but also a great manufacturing country too. The looms supplied by India fed the European and Asian countries. But the British Government as a matter of policy discouraged the Indian manufacturers to encourage the rising manufacturers of England. The British oppression led to the rise and growth of the Indian Nationalism with the Indian National Congress party in the forefront. The urge of economic reforms and industrialization was evident in India from that very era. Eventually planned industrialization became Indias main goal for economic development. After gaining independence the ruling Indian National Congress party immediately understood the need of industrialization to strengthen the economy and bring overall national development. The newly elected to power I ndian National Congress party then knew its need to protect, promote and safeguard the interests of the labour and working class to serve both its political purpose and to uphold the countrys economy. In India there have been a number of labour legislations till date for the purpose of promoting the interests of labour keeping in view the industrial development and growth national economy. Before independence, India hardly had any labour welfare schemes. Soon after independence, the government adopted the industrial truce resolution in December 1947. Following this several legislations were enacted like Factories Act 1948, Employees State Insurance Act 1948, The payment of Bonus Act 1965 and Minimum Wages Act 1948. RESEARCH SCOPE There is a sea of academic literature on Indian labour legislations and enactments by the Indian National Congress party, so it is especially necessary to ensure that the literature review remains focused on the research objectives. I have trawled academic search engines fairly well for this proposal, but will need to continue this to ensure the pool of academic papers and books available to me is comprehensive. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will follow interpretive and positive research philosophy, a deductive research approach along with a qualitative research strategy. Why a positive and interpretive research philosophy? The research philosophy adopted for a piece of primary research under pins the way that research is carried out by defining à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the way [the researcher] think about the development of knowledge (Saunders et al 2003). Here a positive and the interpretive research philosophy can be applied because the labour legislations done by Indian national congress have had a positive effect on the growth of the Indian economy as a whole. This philosophy can be understood by reviewing the history of Indian national politics, its policies and the enactment of specific labour laws facilitating healthy industrial growth by promotion of labour welfare policies along with safe guarding employer interests. WHY A DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH? There is increasing research available on the success and failures of Indian labour legislations, the contributions of the Indian National congress party to the development and upliftment of Indian socio economic standards, labour laws facilitating healthy industrialization and industrial policies etc. While the objectives of this research proposal are clear:- A critical investigation on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party, A critical analysis of the impact of the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations on the Indian economy, Present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations. This would suggest a deductive approach to the research although, as with the research philosophy, a pure approach of either a wholly inductive or wholly deductive approach is unlikely. So overall, this research will generally follow a deductive app roach, with some of the ingredients of induction. WHY A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STRATEGY? This research will be underpinned by a series of structured interviews with academic persons, leading labour lawyers, sociologists and if possible member politicians of the Indian National Congress Party. A quantitative approach is not being taken as the type of research questions and the time available for the research would suggest that a small number of in-depth interviews are likely to provide sufficient information to the insight of the issue. RESEARCH METHODS Secondary research Critical examination of the existing academic literature will be an important element of the dissertation and will help in the formulation of questions to ask in the primary research. In essence, I will research and critically analyze published literature on labour legislation in the pre and post independence era of India, Indian national Congress partys popularity and growth due to labour support, the Indian national Congress partys attempts to organize the work force in the nation through labour legislation, positive effects on the Indian economy due to good and timely labour and industrial law enactments. Efforts will also be made to identify the problems in labour legislations with the attempt to underline the loop holes in the laws enacted. Finally the review will consider literature which identifies the qualities of a good evaluation checklist. Primary research The Primary research will in the first instance compare the existing labour laws in India with the industrial growth. Attempts will also be taken to compare the political success of the Indian National Congress relating to the legislations it brought forward. A comparative study on the legislations of labour policies and economic boom in India will also be done. Approaches will then be made to potential interviewees from the following groups :- Academic personalities A few leading labour lawyers Sociologists And possibly a handful of member politicians of the Indian National Congress Party A structured questionnaire for use in interviewing the above will be drafted for comment from my dissertation supervisor, Interviews will then be arranged and carried out using a structured interview approach to determine views on (a) on the political and legal development within Indian society during the rule of the Indian National Congress party (b) on the impact of the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations on the Indian economy. (c) on the present status of socio economic conditions of India brought forward by the Indian National Congress partys labour legislations. Based on the above research produce conclusions, recommendations and a discussion paper for outlining the further labour legislations scopes in less legislated labour issues in India. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS Firstly, I do not intend to interview many sociologists and member politicians of the Indian Nation Congress party. This is due to the reason that this group of men are not easily accessible and the data that can be extracted from the politicians will be inadequate as they were not in activity in the past years of pre independence to immediate post independence era. Secondly, the time available to me for completion of this research will be a factor. I would get only 3 days a week to concentrate on my research work as a whole. Third of all there should be great difficulty to gain access to the sources interviewed as all of them have busy schedules and facilitating me with an appointment to answer my questionnaire will be difficult and problematic for them.